Two-dimensional Kolmogorov complexity and an empirical validation of the Coding theorem method by compressibility

We propose a measure based upon the fundamental theoretical concept in algorithmic information theory that provides a natural approach to the problem of evaluating n-dimensional complexity by using an n-dimensional deterministic Turing machine. The technique is interesting because it provides a natural algorithmic process for symmetry breaking generating complex n-dimensional structures from perfectly symmetric and fully deterministic computational rules producing a distribution of patterns as described by algorithmic probability. Algorithmic probability also elegantly connects the frequency of occurrence of a pattern with its algorithmic complexity, hence effectively providing estimations to the complexity of the generated patterns. Experiments to validate estimations of algorithmic complexity based on these concepts are presented, showing that the measure is stable in the face of some changes in computational formalism and that results are in agreement with the results obtained using lossless compression algorithms when both methods overlap in their range of applicability. We then use the output frequency of the set of 2-dimensional Turing machines to classify the algorithmic complexity of the space-time evolutions of Elementary Cellular Automata

Correspondence and Independence of Numerical Evaluations of Algorithmic Information Measures

We show that real-value approximations of Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity K(s) using the algorithmic coding theorem, as calculated from the output frequency of a large set of small deterministic Turing machines with up to 5 states (and 2 symbols), is consistent with the number of instructions used by the Turing machines producing s, which in turn is consistent with strict integer-value program-size complexity (based on our knowledge of the smallest machine in terms of the number of instructions used). We also show that neither K(s) nor the number of instructions used manifests any correlation with Bennett's Logical Depth LD(s), other than what's predicted by the theory (shallow and non-random strings have low complexity under both measures). The agreement between the theory and the numerical calculations shows that despite the undecidability of these theoretical measures, the rate of convergence of approximations is stable enough to devise some applications. We announce a Beta version of an Online Algorithmic Complexity Calculator (OACC) implementing these methods

Human behavioral complexity peaks at age 25

Random Item Generation tasks (RIG) are commonly used to assess high cognitive abilities such as inhibition or sustained attention. They also draw upon our approximate sense of complexity. A detrimental effect of aging on pseudo-random productions has been demonstrated for some tasks, but little is as yet known about the developmental curve of cognitive complexity over the lifespan. We investigate the complexity trajectory across the lifespan of human responses to five common RIG tasks, using a large sample (n = 3429). Our main finding is that the developmental curve of the estimated algorithmic complexity of responses is similar to what may be expected of a measure of higher cognitive abilities, with a performance peak around 25 and a decline starting around 60, suggesting that RIG tasks yield good estimates of such cognitive abilities. Our study illustrates that very short strings of, i.e., 10 items, are sufficient to have their complexity reliably estimated and to allow the documentation of an age-dependent decline in the approximate sense of complexity

Perceived high risk of COVID-19 vaccination:The revealing power of placebo

The use of a placebo as an additional diagnostic step in the allergological workup of suspected hypersensitivity reactions can be of great value. In this study, nearly 1 in 3 patients had symptoms after administration of placebo

Occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal-based feed and food

Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. This study aims to give a data-based insight from the scientific literature on the (co-)occurrence of mycotoxins (i.e., parent and modified forms) in European core cereals, and to estimate potential patterns of co-exposure in humans and animals. Mycotoxins were mainly reported in wheat and maize showing the highest concentrations of fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AFs), and zearalenone (ZEN). The maximum concentrations of FB1+FB2 were reported in maize both in feed and food and were above legal maximum levels (MLs). Similar results were observed in DON-food, whose max concentrations in wheat, barley, maize, and oat exceeded the MLs. Co-occurrence was reported in 54.9% of total records, meaning that they were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. In the context of parental mycotoxins, co-occurrence of DON was frequently observed with FBs in maize and ZEN in wheat; DON + NIV and DON + T2/HT2 were frequently reported in barley and oat, respectively. Apart from the occurrence of ZEN and its phase I and phase II modified forms, only a limited number of quantified data were available for other modified forms; i.e., mainly the acetyl derivatives of DON. Data gaps are highlighted together with the need for monitoring studies on multiple mycotoxins to identify co-occurrence patterns for parent mycotoxins, metabolites, and their modified forms.This review was prepared as part of MYCHIF EFSA project (GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2016/01). R.P. carried out this work within the PhD school Agrisystem of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Italy). A.V. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

EVALUACIÓN DE LA EFICIENCIA DEL CARBÓN ACTIVADO ELABORADO A PARTIR DE CÁSCARA DE CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO) Y BAGAZO DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM) PARA LA ADSORCIÓN DE CLORUROS Y MERCURIO.

EL OBJETIVO DE ESTE TRABAJO FUE EVALUAR LA EFICIENCIA DE ADSORCIÓN DE IONES DE MERCURIO Y CLORUROS UTILIZANDO CARBÓN ACTIVADO ELABORADO A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS ORGÁNICOS COMO CAÑA DE AZÚCAR (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM) Y CÁSCARA DE CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO). DE CADA RESIDUO ORGÁNICO SE OBTUVIERON DOS DIFERENTES GRANULOMETRÍAS 1.00 (18) Y 1.19 (16).THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF ADSORPTION OF MERCURY IONS AND CHLORIDE USING ACTIVATED CARBON FROM ORGANIC WASTE SUCH AS SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM) AND COCOA HUSK (THEOBROMA CACAO). OF EACH ORGANIC WASTE, TWO DIFFERENT GRANULOMETRIES 1.00 (18) AND 1.19 (16) WERE OBTAINED

Evaluación del carbono orgánico e identificación de los factores antrópicos que han influenciado en el suelo de páramo en la microcuenca del río La Chimba, parroquia Olmedo, cantón Cayambe

La presente investigación está enfocada en la Evaluación del Carbono Orgánico e Identificación de los Factores Antrópicos que han Influenciado en el Suelo de Páramo en la Microcuenca del Río La Chimba, Parroquia Olmedo, Cantón Cayambe. Que tiene como finalidad evaluar las concentraciones de Carbono Orgánico de Suelo (COS) de páramo e identificar si las actividades antrópicas que se desarrollan en el área de estudio afectan dichas concentraciones. El tipo de trabajo realizado fue de carácter experimental y descriptivo, en donde se realizaron análisis físico-químicos de tres tratamientos (Primera, Segunda y Tercera Altitud), cuatro hectáreas de muestreo (Dos de Suelo Intervenido y Dos de Suelo No Intervenido) elegidos aleatoriamente, 15 submuestras de suelo recolectadas en la superficie del suelo con ayuda de un cilindro de 5x5 (diámetro/altura) y 15 submuestras con ayuda de barreno a 30 cm de profundidad que formaron una submuestra compuesta. Los resultados de los análisis físico-químicos demostraron que los suelos, tanto intervenidos como no intervenidos, cuentan con pH ligeramente ácido entre 5,10 a 5,76, una densidad aparente entre 0,87 a 1,58%, un porcentaje de porosidad entre 40,49 a 66,98, un porcentaje de humedad entre 33,46 a 83,34, un contenido de materia orgánica entre 4,52 a 12,37% y total de carbono orgánico de suelo entre 92,85 y 186,14 mg/ha. Finalmente, los análisis estadísticos realizados señalaron que las actividades antrópicas tienen una influencia significativa en las cantidades de COS de páramo.The present research is focused on the Evaluation of Organic Carbon and Identification of Anthropic Factors, that have Influenced the Paramo Soil in the La Chimba River Micro basin, Olmedo Parish, Canton Cayambe. It’s to evaluate the concentrations of Soil Organic Carbon (COS) of paramo and to identify if anthropic activities that develop in the study area affect such concentrations. The type of work performed was experimental and descriptive, where physical-chemical analyses were performed from three treatments (First, Second and Third Altitudes), four hectares of sampling (Two Intervened Soil and Two Non-Intervened Soil) randomly chosen, 15 soil subsamples collected on the soil surface using a 5x5 (diameter/height) cylinder and 15 subsamples with the aid of drilling at depth of 30 cm which formed a composite subsample using an auger. The results of the physics-chemical analyses showed that these soil, both intervened and non-intervened, have a slightly acidic pH between 5,10 and 5,76, an apparent density between 0,87 and 1,58%, a percentage of porosity between 40,49 to 66,98, a percentage of humidity between 33,46 to 83,34, and organic matter content between 4,52 to 12,37% and total organic soil carbon between 92,85 and 186,14 mg/ha. Finally, the statical analyses carried out indicated that anthropic activities have a significant influence on the quantities of paramo COS

Sistema no convencional de captación de agua pluvial implementada en la localidad de Acobamba, provincia de Acobamba, departamento de Huancavelica

En la localidad de Acobamba existen fuentes de recursos hídricos que pueden ser utilizados para su aprovechamiento. El agua de lluvia es una de esas fuentes para abastecer de agua potable a la localidad y satisfacer las necesidades básicas de los pobladores. En los últimos años, la idea de abastecer de agua de lluvia a la población continuó en diferentes lugares del mundo. Por ejemplo, en Brasil se instaló un programa cuyo nombre fue “Un millón de cisternas” el cual consistió en aprovechar el agua de lluvia que son interceptados por los techos de las casas, para ser trasladados por las canaletas y después ser almacenados en reservorios semienterrados. En Singapur, la mayoría de los techos de los edificios de los apartamentos se utilizan para captar el agua de lluvia, lo cual es llevado a un pozo subterráneo para después extraer dicha agua. El objetivo principal de la tesis es establecer un sistema no convencional de captación de agua de lluvia para abastecer de agua potable a la población de Acobamba. Para ello, se calculó y se analizó la demanda de agua potable que requiere la población. Con el volumen de agua calculado se diseñó las dimensiones de los elementos que componen el sistema no convencional de captación de agua pluvial. Luego, se evaluó el grado de calidad de agua de lluvia que se presenta en la captación. Adicionalmente, se analizó el costo de construcción del sistema no convencional con respecto a otro sistema convencional. Por lo tanto, los resultados mostraron que se puede abastecer a la población con un volumen de agua igual a 9573.58 m3 por un periodo de 12 horas al día, con un costo de construcción igual a S/. 10,667,485.35, el cual es menor a la construcción de una bocatoma lateral y una calidad de agua inocua para el consumo humano