The Effect of Increasing Aboriginal Educational Attainment on the Labour Force, Output and the Fiscal Balance

Investing in disadvantaged young people is one of the rare public policies with no equity-efficiency tradeoff. Based on the methodology developed in Sharpe, Arsenault and Lapointe (2007), we estimate the effect of increasing the educational attainment level of Aboriginal Canadians on labour market outcome and output up to 2026. We build on these projection to estimate the potential effect of eliminating educational and social gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people on government spending and government revenues using population and economic projections to 2026.Aboriginal, Education, Canada, Forecast of economic growth, Equity and efficiency.

Studies in the storage rots of potatoes caused by Phoma species

Examination of the results of Series II inoculations shows that in each variety tested, susceptibility to Gangrene, as caused by either isolate, increases with the length of the storage period. The varieties are immune at lifting and during most of the dormant period. However, with sprouting, susceptibility is increased. Isolates 1 and 2 differed in their pathogenicity depending on the tuber variety concerned. Thus, Doon Star, Catriona and Kerr's Pink were more susceptible to isolate 1, and Golden Wonder and Home Guard were more susceptible to isolate 2. As regards susceptibility to isolate l,the varieties may be placed in the following order:- a) Catriona and Home Guard, b) Doon Star, c) Golden Wonder and Kerr's Pink. Similarly, with isolate 2 the varieties are placed in the order, a) Home Guard b) Golden Wonder, c) Doon Star and Kerr's Pink and d) Catriona. No conclusive evidence was produced regarding the pathogenicity of isolate 5 on any of the varieties tested. It seemed that this isolate was not a virulent parasite. The results of Series III inoculations show that storage at a higher temperature before inoculation renders the tubers more susceptible to Gangrene. However, storage at a low temperature subsequent to inoculation increases susceptibility to Gangrene, the rots formed being more extensive in the tubers kept in the insulated store room than in those kept at room temperature. Series III inoculations also indicated that different potato varieties can be graded according to their susceptibility. The first set of inoculations showed that the tubers tested could be placed in the following order of increasing susceptibility with regard to isolate 1: a) Kerr's Pink,b) Doon Star and Arran Banner,c) Golden Wonder,d) Arran Pilot,e) Catriona and Home Guard. Similarly, with regard to isolate 2, the order of the varieties is a) Kerr's Pink,b) Golden Wonder,c) Arran Banner and Doon Star, d) Arran Pilot,e) Home Guard,f) Catriona. In the second set of inoculations the order of increased susceptibility to isolate 1 is a) Home Guard, Doon Star and Kerr's Pink, b) Arran Pilot, c) Arran Banner, d) Golden Wonder and e) Catriona. With isolate 2 the sequence is a) Doon Star, Kerr's Pink and Golden Wonder, b) Arran Pilot, c) Arran Banner, d) Home Guard and e) Catriona. It is also evident from the results that some varieties, e.g. Kerr's Pink, Arran Banner and Catriona were more susceptible to isolate 2 in both sets of inoculations. In addition, Doon Star tended to be more susceptible to this isolate in the later set of inoculations. Series IV inoculations showed conclusively, that soil and storage conditions can be responsible for the development of a Skin Necrosis type of rot on infected tubers. The Skin Necrosis symptoms developed on only 51.3% of those tubers which were grown on peat soil and kept under low temperature storage conditions. The remaining tubers all developed deeper rots which , although shallow, were quite distinct from those showing Skin Necrosis symptoms

Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort

Introduction— Pregnancy anxiety is an important psychosocial risk factor that may be more strongly associated with adverse birth outcomes than other measures of stress. Better understanding of the upstream predictors and causes of pregnancy anxiety could help to identify high-risk women for adverse maternal and infant outcomes. The objective of the present study was to measure the associations between five past pregnancy outcomes (live preterm birth (PTB), live term birth, miscarriage at <20 weeks, stillbirth at ≥20 weeks, and elective abortion) and pregnancy anxiety at three trimesters in a subsequent pregnancy. Methods— Analyses were conducted using data from the 3D Cohort Study, a Canadian birth cohort. Data on maternal demographic characteristics and pregnancy history for each known previous pregnancy were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires at study entry. Pregnancy anxiety for the index study pregnancy was measured prospectively by self-administered questionnaire following three prenatal study visits. Results— Of 2366 participants in the 3D Study, 1505 had at least one previous pregnancy. In linear regression analyses with adjustment for confounding variables, prior live term birth was associated with lower pregnancy anxiety in all three trimesters, whereas prior miscarriage was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety in the first trimester. Prior stillbirth was associated with greater pregnancy anxiety in the third trimester. Prior elective abortion was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety scores in the first and second trimesters, with an association of similar magnitude observed in the third trimester. Discussion— Our findings suggest that the outcomes of previous pregnancies should be incorporated, along with demographic and psychosocial characteristics, into conceptual models framing pregnancy anxiety

Abnormalities of sex chromatin with particular reference to the triple-X and chromatin-positive Klinefelter's syndromes in mental defectives

The historical background of chromosome investigation and nuclear sexing is reviewed, and the normal human karyotype and sex chromatin findings in man are described. The principles of chromosome analysis and the techniques for the investigation of nuclear sex are indicated. An outline is given of the various fields of research in which nuclear sexing methods have been applied in man. There follows a discussion concerning the anomalies of nuclear sex and sex chromosomes which have been detected by those techniques in various intersex states. The condition of chromatin positive Klinefelter's syndrome is then reviewed with particular reference to the incidence of the anomaly and its association with mental deficiency. The chromosomal variants of this syndrome are discussed in detail. Two cases, of the XXXY and XXXXY variants are described and compared with other similar chromosomal variants reported in the literature. These variants are reviewed and the effect of extra X and Y chromosomes are discussed with regard to the production of mental deficiency. Gonadal and somatic anomalies, and the formation of specific clinical syndromes are also considered, It is demonstrated that an increase in the number of X chromosomes increases the severity of the gonadal abnormality, the degree of mental deficiency and the frequency of associated congenital abnormalities of the skeleton and soft tissues. It is shown that in the XXXXY chromosomal variant a clinical syndrome is produced distinct from the commonly encountered XXY from of the syndrome. The results of two surveys of female mental defectives carried out by the buccal smear technique are given. In these the incidence of the triple-X anomaly was found to be 0.67% in 595 inmates of a mental deficiency institution and 0.28% in 711 mentally handicapped schoolchildren. The results of surveys by other workers of the incidence of this chromosome anomaly in mental defectives and in the general population are then considered in relation to the above. The clinical features of the six triple-X subjects detected in my two surveys are described j, and it is shown that there are no features forming a specific clinical syndrome. Other cases of the triple-X anomaly which have been reported in the literature are reviewed and the above finding confirmed. The effect of extra X chromosomes in the female is discussed and it is demonstrated that mental deficiency, although present in the majority of cases, is not a necessary accompaniment of the triple-X anomaly. It is also shown that in some subjects, including one of mu triple-X eases, fertility la not affected;, and that the offspring need not be chromosomally abnormal. The effect of maternal age in the production of chromosomal anomalies is discussed" Finally, the hypotheses concerning the derivation of sex chromatin and drumsticks are considered, and it is shown how the study of nuclear sex and sex chromosomes in normal and abnormal clinical conditions has led to the formulation of these present hypotheses

Bifunctional [c2]Daisy-Chains and Their Incorporation into Mechanically Interlocked Polymers

A strategy for the formation of mechanically interlocked polymers is presented. Ring-closing olefin metathesis has been shown to provide a very high yielding route to [c2]daisy-chains suitably functionalized to allow their one-step conversion to bisolefins which can be used as monomers in ADMET polymerizations to afford mechanically interlocked polymers. Metathesis, in two different guises is making a hitherto unreachable goal in synthesis a reality

Sensing and control of segmented mirrors with a pyramid wavefront sensor in the presence of spiders

The segmentation of the telescope pupil (by spiders & the segmented M4) create areas of phase isolated by the width of the spiders on the wavefront sensor (WFS), breaking the spatial continuity of the wavefront. The poor sensitivity of the Pyramid WFS (PWFS) to differential piston leads to badly seen and therefore uncontrollable differential pistons. In close loop operation, differential pistons between segments will settle around integer values of the average sensing wavelength. The differential pistons typically range from one to ten times the sensing wavelength and vary rapidly over time, leading to extremely poor performance. In addition, aberrations created by atmospheric turbulence will contain large amounts of differential piston between the segments. Removing piston contribution over each of the DM segments leads to poor performance. In an attempt to reduce the impact of unwanted differential pistons that are injected by the AO correction, we compare three different approaches. We first limit ourselves to only use the information measured by the PWFS, in particular by reducing the modulation. We show that using this information sensibly is important but will not be sufficient. We discuss possible ways of improvement by using prior information. A second approach is based on phase closure of the DM commands and assumes the continuity of the correction wavefront over the entire unsegmented pupil. The last approach is based on the pair-wise slaving of edge actuators and shows the best results. We compare the performance of these methods using realistic end-to-end simulations. We find that pair-wise slaving leads to a small increase of the total wavefront error, only adding between 20-45 nm RMS in quadrature for seeing conditions between 0.45-0.85 arcsec. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining the different proposed solutions to increase robustness.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, AO4ELT5 Proceedings, Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 5, Conference Proceeding, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, June 25-30, 201