Antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects of Tanopati a traditional recipe used for the treatment of high blood pressure

Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effect of Tanopati on induced hypercholesterolemia in rats and hypertension in rabbits.Methods: Twenty wistar rats were divided into 4 groups each and then subjected to different treatments. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by induced dietary cholesterol; the rats are then treated with Tanopati and Questran®)Sixteen rabbits males, divided in four lots with four rabbits each, were used in this study. Hypertension was induced by adrenalin (1 mg/ml for 2 weeks intramuscularly) in the lots 2 to 4. After induction of hypertension in animals, they were treated with the extract of Tanopati. The cardiovascular parameters of rabbits (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) was taken with an electric manometer. These three cardiovascular parameters were then compared to the witness group.Results: The treatment with the Tanopati and with Questran® significantly improved (p <0.05) these parameters by decreasing the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol against an elevation of HDL cholesterol levels. After 8 days of treatments on rabbits induced hypertension with Tanopati or with Tenordate®, cardiovascular parameters decreased significantly up to their normalization values.Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the antihypertensive effect of Tanopati and justify it traditionally use in treatment of high blood pressure

Effect of Abengourou forastero cocoa against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in experimental rats

Oxidative stress is a determining factor in the pathophysiology of heart disease. This study aimed at evaluating the protective activity of Abengourou Forastero cocoa in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Thirty (30)  wistar rats divided into 5 groups were orally pretreated with distilled water, resveratrol (25 mg/kg/day) or defatted Abengourou Forastero cocoa powder (1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day) for sixty (60) consecutive days. A single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg/day) was administered on day 59 by intraperitoneal route. The biochemical parameters were assessed and a histological examination of the heart was performed. This study showed that doxorubicin treated animals exhibited a significant increase of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphocreatine kinases, creatine kinases, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol levels in serum. However, a decrease of HDL-cholesterol and an alteration of cardiac tissue were noticed. Preventive treatment with Abengourou Forastero cocoa at doses of 1000 and 1500 mg/kg significantly reduced the biochemical and histological alterations induced by doxorubicin. Results showed that Abengourou Forastero cocoa protects and prevents against doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage

INFLUENCE OF MITRAGYNA CILIATA (MYTA) ON THE MICROSOMAL ACTIVITY of ATPase Na+/K+ DEPENDENT EXTRACT ON A RABBIT HEART

Mitragyna ciliata (MYTA) (Rubiaceae) inhibits plasmodia activity. MYTA induces a cardiotonicity of the digitalic type on rat’s isolated heart. In this work we studied the effect of MYTA on microsomal Na+/K+ -dependant ATPase (Na+, K+ ATPase) extracted from the heart of a rabbit since digitalics inhibit Na+, K+ ATPase. Our results revealed that the Na+/K+ ATPase has an optimum pH of 7.4 and temperature of 37oC respectively. There is a linear relationship between the organic phosphate formed and the incubation time over 25 mins incubation period. The ATP hydrolysis rate in the presence of MYTA was 0.775 µM/min. LINEWEAVER and BURK plots showed that MYTA did not alter KM (1.31 mM) but decreased VMAX. This study shows that MYTA exerts a non-competitive inhibition on the microsomal Na+/K+ ATPase extracted from rabbit heart with a Ci50 of 48 µg / ml. We conclude that the mechanism of action of MYTA is linked to the inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase like cardiotonics of the digitalic type

Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Thonningia sanguinea on Blood Electrolytes of Broilers Chickens

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea on blood electrolytes of broiler chickens. To do this, two hundred (200) 15-day-old Hubbard broiler chickens were divided into 2 batches of 100 chickens each. The chickens in the control group (Batch C) received unsupplemented water while those in the test group (Batch E) received water supplemented with 10 g / L of aqueous extract of T. sanguinea for one week. Then, the zootechnical parameters such as weight growth, weight gain, consumption index and the level of serum electrolytes were determined. The results of the study showed that the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea improved weight growth, weight gain and consumption index. At the same time, the results also showed that T. sanguinea did not significantly (p &lt;0.05) affect the level of blood electrolytes of broilers chickens. From the results obtained in the present study, the aqueous extract of Thonningia sanguinea could be used to improve poultry productivity without damage on blood electrolytes. Keywords: Thonningia sanguinea; chicken broilers; Blood electrolytes; Zootechnical parameter

Effect of Ethanolic Fraction of Anogeissus Leiocarpa on Renal Function in Wistar Rat

Objective : This study investigated the effects of acute administration of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa on renal function in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods : Wistar albino spawn and Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark were used as biological material for this study. The method employed was to administer single doses of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark orally. Urine and blood samples were collected followed by measurement of renal markers (blood and urine urea and creatinine levels, urea and creatinine clearance). Results: Serum urea and creatinine levels were unchanged compared with controls. In contrast, extract and furosemide caused a significant (p &lt; 0.001), dose-dependent increase in urinary creatinine. Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg bw, significantly increased creatinine and urea clearance and thus glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion : Levels and clearances of urea and creatinine, kidney biomarkers, were not altered. This study shows that the extract is not nephrotoxic. Keywords&nbsp;: Anogeissus leiocarpa, glomerular filtration rate, nephrotoxic, urea, creatinin

Assessment of antibacterial activity of some extracts of Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill on pathogens bacteria

Today, faced with the emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics, the renewal of the arsenal of anti-infective drugs is acutely posed. In order to explore other sources of anti-infective drugs, this study therefore proposed to evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of several extracts of Securinega virosa, a well-known combretacea of populations in northern Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this objective, the method of determining the diameters of the zones of inhibition on wells in an agar medium as well as that of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration were carried out. The results showed that the aqueous extract was not active on all the bacteria tested. The dichloromethane fraction at 500 mg/mL inhibited growth of Shigella Typhi (12.5 mm), followed by Streptococcus sp. (12.33 0.25 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (11.75 1.25 mm). The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited primarily Gram-positive bacteria with average diameters of 12 mm to 500 mg/mL. The ethanol fraction was most active on all bacteria with inhibition diameters ranging from 9 to 13.33 mm to 500 mg/mL. It showed the lowest MIC (3.12 mg/mL) on gram-positive and large Gram-negative levels ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. This study through its results provides data in favor of the traditional use of Securinega virosa in therapy. Keywords&nbsp;: Securinega virosa, in vitro, antibacterial, activit

Évaluation de l’activité anti-inflammatoire et screening phytochimique des feuilles de

Objectif. Cette étude a pour but de mettre en évidence l’activité anti-inflammatoire de l’extrait d’éthanol de Annona senegalensis et de faire son screening phytochimique. Méthodes. Les rats ont été repartis en trois lots. Le premier lot a reçu uniquement les instillations et injection saline par voie intrapértonéale pendant les jours J0 et J7. C’est la phase de sensibilisation des rats de ce lot. Puis, aux jours J21, J22 et J23, les rats du même lot (Lot 1) ont reçu des injections salines sous anesthésie. Le deuxième lot (Lot 2) est constitué de rats n’ayant pas subi de traitement par l’extrait de Annona senegalensis. Les rats de ce lot ont été sensibilisés par une injection intrapéritonéale (50 μL) d’une solution d’albumine (50 μg/rats) dissoute dans l’hydroxyde d’aluminium, aux jours J0 et J7. Puis, au cours de la phase de provocation, on a injecté par voie intrapéritonéale une solution physiologique (saline) contenant 0,9 % de chlorure de sodium à une concentration de 1,5 %, aux jours J21, J22 et J23. Le sacrifice a eu lieu au jour J24, soit 24 heures après la dernière provocation à l’ovalbumine. De même, les rats du troisième lot (Lot 3) ont fait l’objet d’une sensibilisation grâce à l’ovalbumine associée à l’hydroxyde d’aluminium aux jours J0 et J7. Ensuite pendant l’étape de provocation, les rats de ce lot ont subi respectivement aux jours J21, J22 et J23, un traitement conjugué d’albumine et d’extrait éthanolique de Annona senegalensis (par injection de 0,4 mL d’extrait par voie intrapéritonéale en utilisant comme dose 7,10-2 mg/kg). Vingt-quatre heures après la dernière injection correspondant à J23, les rats ont été sacrifiés sous anesthésie. Les métabolites secondaires ont été caractérisés par des analyses physico-chimiques. Résultats. Les rats du lot témoin (Lot 1) ont donné en moyenne 24 ± 0,02 mastocytes; 7 ± 0,1 macrophages; 9 ± 0,05 éosinophiles. Dans ce lot témoin, la présence de neutrophiles n’a pas été révélée. Après les étapes de provocation et de sensibilisation à l’albumine (Lot 2), on a observé une augmentation très significative du nombre de cellules inflammatoires par rapport au lot témoin (p < 0,001). En effet, les mastocytes et les macrophages ont subi respectivement une augmentation jusqu’à 164 ± 0,01 et 25 3 ± 0,04. Alors que les éosinophiles ont augmenté de 9 ± 0,05 à 81 ± 0,01. On a dénombré en moyenne 31 ± 0,02 neutrophiles dans ce Lot 2. Le Lot 3 traité par Annona senegalensis (7,10-2 mg/kg) a induit une diminution significative du nombre de cellules inflammatoires par rapport au lot témoin (p < 0,001). En effet, les mastocytes ont diminué de 164 ± 0,01 à 89 ± 0,03. De même, le nombre de macrophages a diminué de 253 ± 0,04 à 175 ± 0,0 et les neutrophiles ont diminué de 31 ± 0,02 à 10 ± 0,05. Enfin, les éosinophiles ont subi une diminution (81 ± 0,01 à 61 ± 0,08). Toutefois, après le traitement par l’extrait, les valeurs des différents types cellulaires ont toujours été significativement élevées (p < 0,001) par rapport à celles du lot témoin (sauf les neutrophiles). Ce résultat indique que l’extrait de Annona senegalensis n’a pas totalement inhibé l’effet inflammatoire induit par l’albumine. Les principales classes de métabolites secondaires, terpénoïdes, coumarines, flavonoïdes et tanins ont été détectées dans les feuilles de la plante. En revanche, elles sont pauvres en alcaloïdes et en substances quinoniques. Conclusion. L’extrait a induit une diminution significative du nombre de cellules inflammatoires. Cettte action pourrait s’expliquer par la présence de métabolites secondaires tels que les tanins et les composés phénoliques dans l’extrait de plante. Toutefois, son mécanisme d’action reste encore à élucider