Effect of Sub-Structure in Clusters on the Local Weak-Shear Field

Weak shear maps of the outer regions of clusters have been successfully used to map the distribution of mass at large radii. The effects of substructure in clusters on such reconstructions of the total mass have not been systematically studied. We propose a new method to study the effect of perturbers (bright cluster galaxies or sub-groups within the cluster) on the weak shear field. We present some analytic results below.Comment: uuencoded compressed postscript. The preprint is also available at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/preprint/PrePrint.htm

Constraining the mass distribution of galaxies using galaxy-galaxy lensing in clusters and in the field

We present a maximum-likelihood analysis of galaxy-galaxy lensing effects in galaxy clusters and in the field. The aim is to determine the accuracy and robustness of constraints that can be obtained on galaxy halo properties in both environments - the high density cluster and the low density field. This paper is theoretically motivated, therefore, we work exclusively with simulated data (nevertheless defined to match observations) to study the accuracy with which input parameters for mass distributions for galaxies can be extracted. We model galaxies in the cluster and the field using a wide range of mass profiles: the truncated pseudo isothermal elliptical mass distribution, the Navarro, Frenk and White profile, and a Power Law model with a core radius. We find that independent of the choice of profile the mean mass of galaxies (of the order of 10^{12}Mo) can be estimated to within 15% from ground-based data and with an error of less than 10% with space observations. Additionally robust constraints can be obtained on the mean slope of the mass profile. The two standard parameters that characterise galaxy halo models, the central velocity dispersion and the truncation radius can also be retrieved reliably from the maximum-likelihood analysis. Furthermore, going beyond the usual formulation, we propose a re-parameterisation of the mass models that allows us to put yet stronger constraints on the aperture mass of a galaxy halo (with less than 10% error). The gain in signal to noise using space observations, expected for instance with the proposed SNAP satellite compared to ground based data in terms of accuracy of retrieving input parameters is highly significant.Comment: 15 pages, 48 figure

A new method to break the mass sheet degeneracy using aperture moments

Mass determinations from gravitational lensing shear and the higher order estimator flexion are both subject to the mass sheet degeneracy. Mass sheet degeneracy refers to a transformation that leaves the reduced shear and flexion invariant. In general, this transformation can be approximated by the addition of a constant surface mass density sheet. We propose a new technique to break the mass sheet degeneracy. The method uses mass moments of the shear or flexion fields in combination with convergence information derived from number counts which exploit the magnification bias. The difference between the measured mass moments provides an estimator for the magnitude of the additive constant that is the mass-sheet. For demonstrating this, we derive relations that hold true in general for n-th order moments and show how they can be employed effectively to break the degeneracy. We investigate the detectability of this degeneracy parameter from our method and find that the degeneracy parameter can be feasibly determined from stacked galaxy-galaxy lensing data and cluster lensing data. Furthermore, we compare the signal-to-noise ratios of convergence information from number counts with shear and flexion for SIS and NFW models. We find that the combination of shear and flexion performs best on galaxy and cluster scales and the convergence information can therefore be used to break the mass sheet degeneracy without quality loss in the mass reconstruction. In summary, there is power in the combination of shear, flexion, convergence and their higher order moments. With the anticipated wealth of lensing data from upcoming and future satellite missions - EUCLID and WFIRST - this technique will be feasible.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRAS; minor text improvement

Strong and Weak Lensing Constraints on Galaxy Mass Distribution

Gravitational Lensing is a UNIQUE tool to constrain the mass distribution of collapsed structures, this is particularly true for galaxies, either on a case by case basis using multiple images of background sources (such as quasars), or statistically using the so called galaxy-galaxy lensing technique. First, I will present the lensing theory, and then discuss the various methods applied to current observations. Finally, I will review the bright future prospects of galaxy lensing that will benefit of the development of high resolution, large, wide and deep (lensing) surveys.Comment: to appear in the proceedings of the Yale 2001 Cosmology Workshop on the Shapes of Galaxies and Their Halos (8 pages

A Faint Star-Forming System Viewed Through the Lensing Cluster Abell 2218: First Light at z~5.6?

We discuss the physical nature of a remarkably faint pair of Lyman alpha-emitting images discovered close to the giant cD galaxy in the lensing cluster Abell 2218 (z=0.18) during a systematic survey for highly-magnified star-forming galaxies beyond z=5. A well-constrained mass model suggests the pair arises via a gravitationally-lensed source viewed at high magnification. Keck spectroscopy confirms the lensing hypothesis and implies the unlensed source is a very faint (I~30) compact (<150 pc) and isolated object at z=5.576 whose optical emission is substantially contained within the Lyman alpha emission line; no stellar continuum is detectable. The available data suggest the source is a promising candidate for an isolated ~10^6 solar mass system seen producing its first generation of stars close to the epoch of reionization.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Ap J Lett, minor revision following referee's repor