KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA GELATIN KULIT IKAN AYAM-AYAM ( Abaliste stellaris ) DENGAN PRA-PERLAKUAN KONSENTRASI ASAM SITRAT

Gelatin is a fibrous protein obtained by partial denaturation of collagen. Traditionally, gelatin derived  from mammals’ skins and bones, such as cow and pork. However, both mammals’ gelatin could risk for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and foot mouth disease (FMD), besides, gelatin extracted from pork is prohibited in Islam rules. Therefore, fish processing waste is potential as a source of gelatin in terms of starry triggerfish (Abalistes stellaris) skin gelatin. The aims of this study is to characterize physichochemical of gelatin extracted from skin of starry triggerfish. The methods used in this research, experiment with completely randomized design (CDR) by soaking different concentrations of citric acid (0.2; 0.4; and 0.6 M). The results showed that the concentrations of citric acid  had significantly different (P0.05) on the yield, viscosity, gel strength, and fat content of starry triggerfish skin gelatin. On the other hand, the pH, melting point, galling point, protein, moisture, and ash value of starry triggerfish skin gelatin did not perform significantly different (P0.05). The most properties of starry triggerfish skin gelatin meet the commercial gelatin, and it is able to as a potential alternative of halal gelatin

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Gelatinase-Producing Bacteria from Mangrove Sediment

Protease is an important enzyme widely produced by microorganisms applied in food, health, and industry. Mangrove ecosystem, a rich microorganism habitat, accounted as a new resource for isolating the proteolytic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to identify protease-producing bacteria from mangrove ecosystems in the Tuban area, Indonesia. Three isolates that produced the gelatinase was successfully isolated from mangrove sediments. Bacterial isolates were then tested for extracellular gelatinase. The results showed that isolate T1 had high gelatinase activity. Two isolates (isolates T2 and T3) produced moderately gelatinase enzymes. Molecular identification revealed that isolate T1 is Enterobacter hormaechei

Characteristics and Use of Peptones from Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Pangas Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) Heads as Bacterial Growth Media

Peptone is a hydrolysate product rich in amino acids, and it is uncoagulated at high temperature. Commercial peptone produced from land animals cannot be declared as acceptable in terms of lawfulness due to religious concerns. Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) are important species for the fish processing industry in Indonesia. The filleting process resulted in value by-products. The fish head as the byproducts can be utilized as a main raw material for higher economic value products, such as peptone. The aim of this study was to characterize peptones extracted from the heads of catfish and pangas catfish with different acid conditions. The characteristics of chemical composition, yield, color parameter, solubility, amino acid content, bacterial growth rate and biomass production were observed. The catfish peptone (CFP) and pangas catfish peptone (PCP) obtained with different acid conditions showed high protein content in the range of 84.35% to 90.80% (P<0.05). The yields of CFP and PCP were significantly different (P<0.05) and varied between 4.75% and 5.66%. The solubility of treated peptones varied between 98.03% and 99.52%, and the peptones were rich in glycine, glutamic acid, proline and leucine. Bacterial growth test showed that both CFP and PCP had better growth rates compared to the commercial peptone tested in this study. In addition, the biomass production with peptone from catfish and pangas catfish was higher than that with the commercial product (P<0.05). This research proposed that catfish and pangas catfish heads could be developed as an alternative source for peptone production

Fish side-stream as a potential peptone production: Towards zero waste fish processing

Fish processing plants generated significant side-streams composing of heads, skins, trimmings, frames, and guts, which estimated for 70-85% of raw-fish materials during fillet and surimi production. These pose a serious impact to terrestrial and aquatic environments due to the abundance of organic content. Treating side-streams, on the other hand, would impact on financial burden of the fish processing industries. Therefore, an attempt is necessary to convert fish side-streams into value-added products. This is not only to reduce financial burden but also in accordance with the 12th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which support zero-waste processing concept. One of the promising products from fish side-streams is peptone. Peptone, a protein hydrolysate characterized as non heat-coagulable and water-soluble product, extensively used in microbiological media. As microbial growth accelerating media, fish peptone could be a precursor for beneficial metabolic products, such as antimicrobial peptides and other bioactive compounds. This review highlights the isolation of peptone from fish processing side-streams specifically the extraction and characterization. In addition, the metabolite productions from lactic acid bacteria with fish peptone-supplemented media are also covered

Characteristics of peptones from grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and parrotfish (Scarus javanicus) head by-products as bacterial culture media

Peptones were extracted from the head by-products of grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and parrotfish (Scarus javanicus) with different acid combinations. The peptones showed significant differences on yield, solubility, color, bacterial growth profile, and biomass production (P < 0.05). The yield of parrotfish peptone (PFP) and grouper fish peptone (GFP) ranged from 3.27% to 3.45% and 4.61% to 5.70%, respectively. The major component of both peptones was protein varied between 83.80% and 86.67%. The whiteness of peptone samples was in the range of 33.56% to 60.06% with the highest in GFP by adding 1.5% (v/m) of propionic/formic acid (1:2, v/v). Although the solubility of peptone samples was slightly lower than the commercial peptone, both PFP and GFP samples exhibited better performance in the growth of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The biomass production of PFP and GFP increased significantly when compared that to commercial peptone. The PFP and GFP samples contained high values of the amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid, proline, and alanine). The results revealed that grouper and parrotfish head by-product are potential material for bacterial peptone

Microstructural and Physicochemical Analysis of Collagens from the Skin of Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) Extracted with Different Organic Acids

Marine fish collagen has attracted considerable attention due to its characteristics, including its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and weak antigenicity, and is considered a safer material compared to collagen from terrestrial animals. The aim of this study was to extract and characterize collagen from the skin of lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) with three different acids. The yields of acetic acid-extracted collagen (AESkC), lactic acid-extracted collagen (LESkC), and citric acid extracted collagen (CESkC) were 11.73 ± 1.14%, 11.63 ± 1.10%, and 11.39 ± 1.05% (based on wet weight), respectively. All extracted collagens were categorized as type I collagen with mainly alpha chains (α1 and α2) detected and γ and β chains to some extent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed an intact triple-helical structure in the AESkC, LESkC, and CESkC. UV-vis spectra and X-ray diffraction further demonstrated the similarity of the extracted collagens to previously reported fish skin collagens. AESkC (Tmax = 40.24 ◦C) had higher thermostability compared to LESkC (Tmax = 38.72 ◦C) and CESkC (Tmax = 36.74 ◦C). All samples were highly soluble in acidic pH and low concentrations of NaCl (0–20 g/L). Under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observation, we noted the loose, fibrous, and porous structures of the collagens. The results suggest that the lizardfish skin collagens could be a potential alternative source of collagen, especially the AESkC due to its greater thermostability characteristic

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI ENDOFIT MANGROVE Sonneratia alba PENGHASIL ENZIM GELATINASE DARI PANTAI SENDANG BIRU, MALANG, JAWA TIMUR

Abstrak Enzim gelatinase merupakan enzim yang berperan penting pada sektor industri pangan dan non pangan. Sumber dari enzim gelatinase dapat berasal dari hewan, tumbuhan dan mikroorganisme. Enzim gelatinase termasuk enzim protease dan fungsi dari enzim gelatinase sendiri adalah sebagai pengurai gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri penghasil enzim gelatinase dari endofit mangrove Sonneratia alba dan untuk mengetahui jenis spesies bakteri penghasil enzim gelatinase dari endofit mangrove Sonneratia alba dari pantai Sendang Biru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif eksploratif yang dilakukan dalam dua tahapan. Tahap pertama yaitu isolasi dan skrining bakteri yang menghasilkan enzim gelatinase dari endofit mangrove Sonneratia alba. Tahap kedua yaitu identifikasi bakteri penghasil enzim gelatinase berdasarkan uji microbact system.  Hasil skrinning enzim menandakan bahwa isolat dari daun Sonneratia alba merupakan isolat bakteri yang mampu tumbuh dengan baik dan menghasilkan enzim gelatinase yang paling baik. Bakteri endofit daun pada uji microbact system diketahui sebagai jenis bakteri Paenibacillus alvei dengan hasil oksidase negatif sehingga termasuk bakteri Gram positif sehingga dilakukan dengan uji microbact 12A/E. Karakteristik bakteri mempunyai karakteristik berbentuk bulat dan berwarna ungu.. Kata kunci: gelatinase, enzim, Sonneratia alba, Malang, halal

Analisis Kualitas Garam Hasil Produksi Prisma Rumah Kaca di Desa Sedayu Lawas, Kabupaten Lamongan, Jawa Timur

Desa Sedayu Lawas merupakan salah satu sentra produksi garam di Lamongan. Potensi tambak garam di desa ini cukup besar hanya saja produksi garam yang ada sebagian besar masih sangat tergantung kondisi cuaca. Salah satu inovasi dalam memproduksi garam rakyat untuk mengatasi masalah cuaca tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi Prisma Rumah Kaca.  Inovasi ini memanfaatkan rumah kaca dan plastik geomembran dalam proses kristalisasi garam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kualitas garam dari hasil produksi metode Prisma Rumah Kaca di desa Sedayu Lawas. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah suhu, salinitas, kandungan Mg, kandungan Ca, kandungan NaCl dan kadar air. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kalau kadar salinitas air pada kolam penampungan air muda adalah 23-24 ppt dan pada kolam penampungan air tua adalah 34-42 ppt. Nilai rata-rata NaCl, Mg dan Ca pada air muda secara berturut-turut adalah 115.000 mg/L, 313,6 mg/L dan 202,3 mg/L. Hasil pengujian air tua menunjukkan nilai rata-rata NaCl, Mg dan Ca secara berturut-turut adalah 129.333,3 mg/L, 313,6 mg/L dan 214,3 mg/L. Hasil uji kualitas garam menunjukkan kadar NaCl atas dasar berat basah (adbb) sebesar 87,56%, kadar Mg sebesar 2,15%, kadar Ca sebesar 3,45% dan kadar air sebesar 5,86%. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan kalau kualitas garam yang dihasilkan melalui metode Prisma Rumah Kaca di desa Sedayu Lawas termasuk dalam kategori Kualitas K1 berdasarkan SNI 4435:2017

Biochemical and Microstructural Properties of Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil) Scale Collagen Extracted with Various Organic Acids

The purpose of this research was to extract collagen from the scales of lizardfish (Sauridatumbil) using various acids. Acetic acid-extracted collagen (AScC) produced a higher yield (1.8 mg/g)than lactic acid-extracted collagen (LScC) and citric acid-extracted collagen (CScC) although not significantly different (p> 0.05). All extracted collagens were categorized as type I collagens with the presence of alpha chains (α1 and α2) based on the SDS-PAGE profiles. The triple-helical structure of the collagen was maintained in the AScC, LScC, and CScC as confirmed by the FTIR spectra. The UV-vis and X-ray diffraction spectra observed in all collagens were in agreement with previous work on fish scale and calfskin (commercial) collagens. The thermal stability of AScC (Tmax= 31.61◦C) was greater than LScC (Tmax= 30.86◦C) and CScC (Tmax= 30.88◦C). The microstructure of acid-extracted collagens was characterized as complex, fibrous, and multilayered, with irregular sheet-like structures.All samples were highly soluble in acidic pH (1.0–4.0) and in low concentrations of NaCl (0–20 g/L).In conclusion, the lizardfish scale collagen, particularly AScC, may be used as an alternative to terrestrial animal collagen

Physicochemical and Microstructural Analyses of Pepsin-Soluble Collagens Derived from Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) Skin, Bone and Scales

Reducing food waste is critical for sustainability. In the case of fish processing, more than sixty percent of by-products are generated as waste. Lizardfish (Saurida tumbil Bloch, 1795) is an economically important species for surimi production. To address waste disposal and maximize income, an effective utilization of fish by-products is essential. This study aims to isolate and characterize pepsin-soluble collagens from the skin, bone and scales of lizardfish. Significant differences (p 70%) in acidic conditions (particularly at pH 4.0) and at low sodium chloride concentrations (0–30 g/L). Microstructural analysis depicted that all extracted collagens were multi-layered, irregular, dense, sheet-like films linked by random coiled filaments. Overall, pepsin-soluble collagens from lizardfish skin, bone and scales could serve as potential alternative sources of collagens