Sinezona cingulata Sin.

Comparisons of Sinezona cingulata, Sin. fayalensis, Sin. depressa and Sin. crossei Sinezona cingulata is applied to a Mediterranean species with type locality Sardinia Island, Italy. The whereabouts of the holotype is unknown. Burnay & Rolán (1990) argued that Costa’s (1861) description did not match the cited figure (here shown in Fig. 5 A) and that Thiele (1912: figs. 6, 7; here shown in Fig. 5 B) noted a different figure in Costa referring to Sin. cingulata. They concluded that Sin. cingulata is a nomen dubium and should be referred to by the first available name to which it is usually applied, Sin. crossei (Folin, 1896) with designated neotype (Burnay & Rolán 1990), type locality São Vincente, Cape Verde Islands. However taking into account the microscope technology of that time, the original description matches the figure; with 11–12 strong axial cords on the teleoconch, open umbilicus and semi oval aperture (Fig. 5 A). The shorter teleoconch II and open slit in the original figure are characteristic of a juvenile specimen. That the figure in Thiele (1912) was an error and did not contain the strong axial cords of Costa’s original description has no relevance to the identity of Costa’s species. Costa’s original figure of Sin. cingulata corresponds with the Mediterranean species to which that name has usually been applied. Sinezona crossei as its neotype illustrated by Burnay & Rolán (1990: pl. 1, figs 3–5) compared to Sin. cingulata (Fig. 2 B) from Spain show differences in numbers of axial cords (protoconch 18 vs. 17, teleoconch I 14 vs. 12, teleoconch II 16 vs. 13) and spiral lines (7 vs. 5). These differences in amounts are insignificant and can be accounted for by intraspecific variation. Three syntypes of Sin. depressa (BMNH 1911.17.21– 23, one shown here in Fig. 2 C), type locality Madeira, and seven specimens of Sin. fayalensis (MNHN, one is shown in Fig. 4 C) from Santa Maria Island, Azores where examined. The neotype of Sin. crossei could not be located in the MNHN collections (Geiger pers. obs. 4 / 2005), but was adequately illustrated by Burnay & Rolán (1990: pl. 1, figs 3–5). One type specimen of Sin. fayalensis is in Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen in Brussels (T. Backeljau pers. comm. 10 / 2006), but was not available for examination, hence near topotypical specimens were used in this study. Specimens of Sin. fayalensis from the Azores tended to display fewer axial ribs and have a smoother sculpture than specimens from the Mediterranean. One syntype of Sin. depressa was smoother due to erosion. Comparisons of these species with Sin. cingulata are given in Table 2. Sculpture and shape are the same. All the specimens have no apertural varix and an open umbilicus. The nominal taxa differ in the number of axial cords (protoconch 16–17 and teleoconch I 12–17) and axial lines (teleoconch II 15–16 and base 12–16). These differences are not sufficient to justify recognition as separate species and can be accounted for by intraspecific variations. A radula of Sin. cingulata from Spain in Figure 6 shows features typically seen in members of Scissurellidae s.s., including serrated rachidian, with 5 serrated laterals, lateral 5 enlarged and serrated marginals (Geiger 2003). In Figure 6 B the rachidian is triangular with 5 denticles the central on being the largest. The first three laterals have three denticles on the outer margin, the innermost is largest. The fourth lateral tooth is hook shaped. The fifth is broad with about 10 denticles.Published as part of Nolt, Jaya M., 2008, A new species of Scissurella from the Azores with discussions on Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rolán, 1990 and Sinezona cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861) (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Scissurellidae), pp. 51-62 in Zootaxa 1678 on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18036

Scissurella azorensis Nolt, 2008, new species

Scissurella azorensis new species (Fig. 1, Fig. 2 A) Holotype. MNHN Moll 9640, gold coated. Paratypes. 2 MNHN Moll 9641, from type locality. 1 MCZ 356976, Pedra Furada, Baia do Alcaide, Silveira, Terceira Island, Azores 38 ° 39 ’ N, 27 ° 14 ’ W, all gold coated. Type locality. Santa Maria Island, off Ponta do Marvão, Azores. 0–1 m, in rocks. June 1990. Leg. S. and C. Gofas. 36 ° 56 ’N, 25 °08’W. Etymology. Named for the provenance from the Azores. Description. Shell small to 0.75 mm, trochoid with flat spire, one fourth wider than high, whitish. Protoconch 120 µm long, 1.16–1.2 whorls, 24–28 strong to irregular axial cords, axials on outer margin of protoconch not extending full width, no apertural varix, apertural margin rounded. Teleoconch I slightly greater than one whorl, approximately 18–20 strong axial cords, fine irregular lamellae between axials, no spiral sculpture. Teleoconch II 0.75 whorls, with nine weaker axial cords, fine irregular lamellae, no spiral sculpture. Shoulder angled down from coiling axis with fine irregular lamellae. Base rounded, with 18–25 weak axial cords, fine irregular lamellae between axials. Umbilicus open with marginal carina, weak axial lines on base. Selenizone, slit above periphery, moderately keeled. Aperture subquadratic, edge slightly projecting. Animal unknown. Distribution. Only known from the type material from the Azores. Comparisons. The holotype (Fig. 1 A) is a mature Scissurella spp. and not a juvenile Sinezona spp. because it shows an open slit with the long angled shoulder and descending last quarter whorl. Compared to the other species of the region, Sci. azorensis is distinguished by the protoconch sculpture which contains axial cords on the outer margins only, an open umbilicus region, teleoconch I is slightly greater then one whorl and the numerous strong axial cords over the entire shell. Scissurella lobini (Burnay & Rolán, 1990) from the Cape Verde Islands (Fig. 3 A) and Scissurella redferni (Rolán, 1996) from the Caribbean (Fig. 3 B) both differ from Sci. azorensis in that the protoconch has fewer axial cords (24–28 in Sci. azorensis, 14–18 in Sci. lobini and Sci. redferni), the axials are more uniform in shape and the bases of Sci. redferni and Sci. lobini have spiral threads. Scissurella costata d’Orbigny, 1824 from the Mediterranean (Fig. 3 C) has a flattened spire, apertural margin of the protoconch is sinusoid, teleoconch sculpture contains thin irregular axial lines and spiral threads on shoulder and base, and teleoconch II has approximately 1.3 whorls. Since Sinezona and Scissurella spp. may be difficult to distinguish in juvenile stages due to the incomplete closure of the slit in the foramen, comparisons are also made with Sinezona spp. from the Atlantic-Mediterranean region. Sinezona cingulata (O.G. Costa, 1861) from the Mediterranean (Fig. 2 B) has a protoconch sculpture with approximately 15 strong axial cords that cover more than half the width. Teleoconch I has fewer then one whorl, with 14 axial cords and the umbilicus is very narrow. Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rolán, 1990 from the Cape Verde Islands (Fig. 4 A) most closely resembles Sci. azorensis but has approximately 12 protoconch axial cords over more than half the width and teleoconch I has fewer than one whorl and as a member of Sinezona, the foramen is closed in mature specimens. Sinezona confusa Rolán & Luque, 1994 from the Caribbean (Fig. 4 B) has protoconch sculpture with approximately 14 axial cords that cover more than half the width, an apertural varix and spiral threads on teleoconch I and II.Published as part of Nolt, Jaya M., 2008, A new species of Scissurella from the Azores with discussions on Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rolán, 1990 and Sinezona cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861) (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Scissurellidae), pp. 51-62 in Zootaxa 1678 on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18036

Lithium Charge Storage Mechanisms of Cross-Linked Triazine Networks and Their Porous Carbon Derivatives

Redox active electrode materials derived from organic precursors are of interest for use as alternative cathodes in Li batteries due to the potential for their sustainable production from renewable resources. Here, a series of organic networks that either contain triazine units or are derived from triazine-containing precursors are evaluated as cathodes versus Li metal anodes as possible active materials in Li batteries. The role of the molecular structure on the electrochemical performance is studied by comparing several materials prepared across a range of conditions allowing control over functionality and long-range order. Well-defined structures in which the triazine unit persists in the final material exhibit very low capacities at voltages relevant for cathode materials (<10 mA·h g^–1). Relatively high, reversible capacity (around 150 mA·h g^–1) is in fact displayed by amorphous materials with little evidence of triazine functionality. This result directly contradicts previous suggestions that the triazine unit is responsible for charge storage in this family of materials. While the gently sloping discharge and charge profiles suggest a capacitive-type mechanismfurther confirmed by the trend of increasing capacity with increasing surface areaelectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies show that the materials exhibiting higher capacities also display substantial EPR signals, potentially implicating unpaired spins in a charge storage mechanism that could involve charge transfer