Síndrome de Brugada y Anestesia: Generalidades

El síndrome de Brugada fue descrito por primera vez en 1992 como un cuadro consistente en muerte súbita en pacientes portadores de un patrón electrocardiográfico de bloqueo de rama derecha con un supradesnivel del ST persistente en las derivaciones V1 a V2-V3 característico, con un intervalo Q-T normal.  Tiene un componente hereditario de tipo autosómico dominante debido a una mutación en el gen SNC5A del cromosoma 3 que codifica los canales de conductancia al sodio,  por lo que con frecuencia existe historia de síncope o muerte súbita en algún miembro de la familia. Se manifiesta típicamente en la edad adulta con una edad promedio para la muerte súbita de 41 +/- 15 años. . Es responsable  de al menos 4% del total de las muertes súbitas, y de aproximadamente el 20% de las muertes súbitas en pacientes con corazones estructuralmente normales.  La prevalencia de esta condición está estimada en 5/10.000 habitantes. Es endémico de países asiáticos, pero en Europa se estima una incidencia de 1/100.000 habitantes (posiblemente subestimada)

Síndrome de Brugada y Anestesia: Manejo Anestésico

El síndrome de Brugada (SB) es poco común, con una prevalencia estimada de aproximadamente 1:5000, por lo que no es práctico llevar a cabo grandes estudios prospectivos para definir los riesgos anestésicos. (Kloesel 2011).  Está presente en el 4% de todas las muertes súbitas, y hasta en el 20% de las muertes súbitas en pacientes que no tienen defectos cardíacos estructurales. El reconocimiento del patrón es crucial, dado que a mortalidad a 2 años en el síndrome de Brugada es cercana al 30%. El 20-30% de los pacientes tienen taquicardia supraventricular como fenómeno concomitante, más frecuentemente fibrilación auricular, que puede ser la primera manifestación de la enfermedad.  El patrón de Brugada se hace más pronunciado cuando la actividad vagal es predominante, por ejemplo, durante el sueño, de allí el síndrome de muerte súbita nocturna, y puede estar ligado al síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante

Resumen de las guias de 2014 para pacientes con patología cardiovascular sometidos a cirugía no cardiaca

El hecho de que se escriban guías multidisciplinares tiene especialmente sentido en el caso de pacientes con patología cardiovascular que van a requerir anestesia, ya que hay aspectos de especial relevancia para el anestesiólogo en estos pacientes (el uso de B-bloqueantes, alteraciones en el ECG, etc...), de manera que una serie de recomendaciones pueden ayudar a optimizar el manejo perioperatorio en éste tipo de pacientes. El número de pacientes con patología cardiovascular que son intervenidos y presentan complicaciones perioperatorias es elevado. Es difícil medir con exactitud la magnitud del problema, pero podemos hacernos una idea en base a los siguientes datos. En Europa, con una población de más de 500 millones de habitantes, se realizan una media de 19 millones de procedimientos de cirugía mayor al año. Aproximadamente en el 30 % de los casos se presenta comorbilidad cardiovascular. La media de complicaciones oscila entre el 7-11%, y el ratio de mortalidad es de entre el 0,8 y el 1,5%. Más del 42% (167.000) son a causa de complicaciones cardiacas. Además, se estima que para el año 2020 el número de intervenciones quirúrgicas aumentará en un 25%, y la población mayor de 65 años alrededor de un 50%. Por lo tanto, es importante la actualización de estas guías. Otra de las razones que explica la actualización de estas guías es el manejo de los fármacos B-bloqueantes en el perioperatorio para la prevención de las complicaciones cardíacas después de la cirugía no cardiaca. Las anteriores guías ponían énfasis en mantener el B-bloqueante en el perioperatorio, e incluso recomendaban el inicio del tratamiento con estos fármacos antes de determinadas intervenciones en un cierto tipo de pacientes. Sin embargo, esto ha sido cuestionado por los resultados obtenidos en el “Ensayo de la Evaluación Isquémica en el Perioperatorio”, en el que se observó que el mantenimiento del B-bloqueo perioperatorio disminuía la incidencia de IAM en este período, a expensas de una mayor mortalidad relacionada con la aparición de accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV), probablemente secundario a episodios de hipotensión arterial

Observational study on fluid therapy management in surgical adult patients

Fluid therapy management; Hemodynamic monitoring; Surgical proceduresGestió de fluidoteràpia; Monitorització hemodinàmica; Procediments quirúrgicsGestión de fluidoterapia; Monitoreo hemodinámico; Procedimientos quirúrgicosBackground Perioperative fluid therapy management is changing due to the incorporation of different fluids, surgical techniques, and minimally invasive monitoring systems. The objective of this study was to explore fluid therapy management during the perioperative period in our country. Methods We designed the Fluid Day study as a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study. The study was performed in 131 Spanish hospitals in February 2019. We included adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia for either elective or non-elective surgery. Demographic variables were recorded, as well as the type and total volume of fluid administered during the perioperative period and the monitorization used. To perform the analysis, patients were categorized by risk group. Results We recruited 7291 patients, 6314 of which were included in the analysis; 1541 (24.4%) patients underwent high-risk surgery, 1497 (23. 7%) were high risk patients, and 554 (8.7%) were high-risk patients and underwent high-risk surgery; 98% patients received crystalloids (80% balanced solutions); intraoperative colloids were used in 466 patients (7.51%). The hourly intraoperative volume in mL/kg/h and the median [Q1; Q3] administered volume (mL/kg) were, respectively, 6.67 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 13.9 [9.52;5.20] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing low- or intermediate-risk surgery, 6 [4.04; 9.08] ml/Kg/h and 15.7 [10.4;24.5] ml/Kg in high- risk patients undergoing low or intermediate-risk surgery, 6.41 [4.36; 9.33] ml/Kg/h and 20.2 [13.3;32.4] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing high-risk surgery, and 5.46 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 22.7[14.1;40.9] ml/Kg in high-risk patients undergoing high- risk surgery . We used advanced fluid monitoring strategies in 5% of patients in the intraoperative period and in 10% in the postoperative period. Conclusions The most widely used fluid was balanced crystalloids. Colloids were used in a small number of patients. Hourly surgery volume tended to be more restrictive in high-risk patients but confirms a high degree of variation in the perioperatively administered volume. Scarce monitorization was observed in fluid therapy management.Open Access funding enabled and organized by SEDAR

¿Tenemos suficiente experiencia con los Videolaringoscopios? ¿Hay accesibilidad en nuestros hospitales a los equipos de Vía Aérea Avanzada? Rachel L. Gill, Audrey S. Y. Jeffrey, Alistair F. McNarry and Geoffrey H. C. Liew The Availability of Advanced Airway Equipment and Experience with Videolaryngoscopy in the UK: Two UK Surveys. Anesthesiology Research and Practice, Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 152014, 7 pages.

En el año 2010 el Real Colegio de Anestesistas del Reino Unido (RCoA) instauró un módulo obligatorio de formación en el manejo de la Vía Aérea que suele realizarse entre el 5º y el 7º año de formación. Entre las conclusiones que se extraen de estos 5 años de andadura destaca que hay dos elementos necesarios para proporcionar la formación adecuada para usar cualquier equipo. En primer lugar, el equipo debe estar disponible, y en segundo lugar debe haber suficientes entrenadores cualificados con dicho dispositivo. Las publicaciones sobre videolaringoscopia demuestran la eficacia de estos dispositivos ópticos en situaciones de Vía Aérea Difícil Prevista y en los Obesos Mórbidos, donde al compararlos con el laringoscopio estándar Macintosh se han demostrado más fáciles de utilizar para los principiantes, además de útiles en la docencia de la Vía Aérea, ya que el entrenador comparte la visión obtenida por el alumno

Observational study on fluid therapy management in surgical adult patients

Background: Perioperative fluid therapy management is changing due to the incorporation of different fluids, surgical techniques, and minimally invasive monitoring systems. The objective of this study was to explore fluid therapy management during the perioperative period in our country. Methods: We designed the Fluid Day study as a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study. The study was performed in 131 Spanish hospitals in February 2019. We included adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia for either elective or non-elective surgery. Demographic variables were recorded, as well as the type and total volume of fluid administered during the perioperative period and the monitorization used. To perform the analysis, patients were categorized by risk group. Results: We recruited 7291 patients, 6314 of which were included in the analysis; 1541 (24.4%) patients underwent high-risk surgery, 1497 (23. 7%) were high risk patients, and 554 (8.7%) were high-risk patients and underwent high-risk surgery; 98% patients received crystalloids (80% balanced solutions); intraoperative colloids were used in 466 patients (7.51%). The hourly intraoperative volume in mL/kg/h and the median [Q1; Q3] administered volume (mL/kg) were, respectively, 6.67 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 13.9 [9.52;5.20] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing low- or intermediate-risk surgery, 6 [4.04; 9.08] ml/Kg/h and 15.7 [10.4;24.5] ml/Kg in high- risk patients undergoing low or intermediate-risk surgery, 6.41 [4.36; 9.33] ml/Kg/h and 20.2 [13.3;32.4] ml/Kg in low-risk patients undergoing high-risk surgery, and 5.46 [3.83; 8.17] ml/Kg/h and 22.7[14.1;40.9] ml/Kg in high-risk patients undergoing high- risk surgery . We used advanced fluid monitoring strategies in 5% of patients in the intraoperative period and in 10% in the postoperative period. Conclusions: The most widely used fluid was balanced crystalloids. Colloids were used in a small number of patients. Hourly surgery volume tended to be more restrictive in high-risk patients but confirms a high degree of variation in the perioperatively administered volume. Scarce monitorization was observed in fluid therapy management

Hypotension Prediction Index Software to Prevent Intraoperative Hypotension during Major Non-Cardiac Surgery: Protocol for a European Multicenter Prospective Observational Registry (EU-HYPROTECT)

Intraoperative hypotension is common in patients having non-cardiac surgery and associated with postoperative acute myocardial injury, acute kidney injury, and mortality. Avoiding intraoperative hypotension is a complex task for anesthesiologists. Using artificial intelligence to predict hypotension from clinical and hemodynamic data is an innovative and intriguing approach. The AcumenTM Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) software (Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, USA) was developed using artificial intelligence-specifically machine learning-and predicts hypotension from blood pressure waveform features. We aimed to describe the incidence, duration, severity, and causes of intraoperative hypotension when using HPI monitoring in patients having elective major non-cardiac surgery

Hypotension prediction index software to prevent intraoperative hypotension during major non-cardiac surgery: protocol for a european multicenter prospective observational registry (EU-HYPROTECT)

Background: Intraoperative hypotension is common in patients having non-cardiac surgery and associated with postoperative acute myocardial injury, acute kidney injury, and mortality. Avoiding intraoperative hypotension is a complex task for anesthesiologists. Using artificial intelligence to predict hypotension from clinical and hemodynamic data is an innovative and intriguing approach. The AcumenTM Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) software (Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, USA) was developed using artificial intelligence-specifically machine learning-and predicts hypotension from blood pressure waveform features. We aimed to describe the incidence, duration, severity, and causes of intraoperative hypotension when using HPI monitoring in patients having elective major non-cardiac surgery. Methods: We built up a European, multicenter, prospective, observational registry including at least 700 evaluable patients from five European countries. The registry includes consenting adults (?18 years) who were scheduled for elective major non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia that was expected to last at least 120 min and in whom arterial catheter placement and HPI monitoring was planned. The major objectives are to quantify and characterize intraoperative hypotension (defined as a mean arterial pressure [MAP] < 65 mmHg) when using HPI monitoring. This includes the time-weighted average (TWA) MAP < 65 mmHg, area under a MAP of 65 mmHg, the number of episodes of a MAP < 65 mmHg, the proportion of patients with at least one episode (1 min or more) of a MAP < 65 mmHg, and the absolute maximum decrease below a MAP of 65 mmHg. In addition, we will assess causes of intraoperative hypotension and investigate associations between intraoperative hypotension and postoperative outcomes. Discussion: There are only sparse data on the effect of using HPI monitoring on intraoperative hypotension in patients having elective major non-cardiac surgery. Therefore, we built up a European, multicenter, prospective, observational registry to describe the incidence, duration, severity, and causes of intraoperative hypotension when using HPI monitoring in patients having elective major non-cardiac surgery.Funding: Edwards Lifesciences SA, Department of Critical Care, Route de l’Etraz 70, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland funded the study and acts as the legal sponsor. The sponsor/funder had an active role in the design of the study. The collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data will be a collaborative effort of all investigators, who will also write the manuscript. Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the support of all participating patients and their physicians. We also acknowledge the tremendous contribution of the staff at Edwards Lifesciences, especially Edward Hembrow, Tim van den Boom, Anne Halfmann, Pierre Sibileau, Barbara Plasschaert, Volker Haag, Giulia Torricella and Alessia Longo. We further appreciate the excellent project management secured by Daniel Greinert, Marie Zielinksi and Claudia Lüske at the Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine (Cloppenburg, Germany). Data are captured using the s4trials software provided by Software for Trials Europe GmbH (Berlin, Germany)

Early mobilization after total hip or knee arthroplasty: a substudy of the POWER.2 study

Background Early mobilization after surgery is a cornerstone of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs in total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Our goal was to determine the time to mobilization after this surgery and the factors associated with early mobilization. Methods This was a predefined substudy of the POWER.2 study, a prospective cohort study conducted in patients undergoing THA and TKA at 131 Spanish hospitals. The primary outcome was the time until mobilization after surgery as well as determining those perioperative factors associated with early mobilization after surgery. Results A total of 6093 patients were included. The median time to achieve mobilization after the end of the surgery was 24 hours [16–30]. 4,222 (69.3%) patients moved in ≤ 24 hours after surgery. Local anesthesia [OR = 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72–0.90); p = 0.001], surgery performed in a self-declared ERAS center [OR = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.55–0.60); p < 0.001], mean adherence to ERAS items [OR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92–0.93); p < 0.001], and preoperative hemoglobin [OR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96–0.98); p < 0.001] were associated with shorter time to mobilization. Conclusions Most THA and TKA patients mobilize in the first postoperative day, early time to mobilization was associated with the compliance with ERAS protocols, preoperative hemoglobin, and local anesthesia, and with the absence of a urinary catheter, surgical drains, epidural analgesia, and postoperative complications. The perioperative elements that are associated with early mobilization are mostly modifiable, so there is room for improvement

Association between use of enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and postoperative complications in colorectal surgery: the postoperative outcomes within enhanced recovery after surgery protocol (power) study

Importance: enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care has been reported to be associated with improvements in outcomes after colorectal surgery compared with traditional care. Objective: to determine the association between ERAS protocols and outcomes in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Design, setting, and participants: the Postoperative Outcomes Within Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol (POWER) Study is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of 2084 consecutive adults scheduled for elective colorectal surgery who received or did not receive care in a self-declared ERAS center. Patients were recruited from 80 Spanish centers between September 15 and December 15, 2017. All patients included in this analysis had 1 month of follow-up. Exposures: colorectal surgery and perioperative management were the exposures. Twenty-two individual ERAS items were assessed in all patients, regardless of whether they were included in an established ERAS protocol. Main outcomes and measures: the primary study outcome was moderate to severe postoperative complications within 30 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes included ERAS adherence, mortality, readmissions, reoperation rates, and hospital length of stay. Results: between September 15 and December 15, 2017, 2084 patients were included in the study. Of these, 1286 individuals (61.7%) were men; mean age was 68 years (interquartile range [IQR], 59-77). A total of 879 patients (42.2%) presented with postoperative complications and 566 patients (27.2%) developed moderate to severe complications. The number of patients with moderate or severe complications was lower in the ERAS group (25.2% vs 30.3%; odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.94; P¿=¿.01). The overall rate of adherence to the ERAS protocol was 63.6% (IQR, 54.5%-77.3%), and the rate for patients from hospitals self-declared as ERAS was 72.7% (IQR, 59.1%-81.8%) vs non-ERAS institutions, which was 59.1% (IQR, 50.0%-63.6%; P¿<¿.001). Adherence quartiles among patients receiving the highest and lowest ERAS components showed that the patients with the highest adherence rates had fewer moderate to severe complications (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.25-0.46; P¿<¿.001), overall complications (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.26-0.43; P¿<¿.001), and mortality (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.07-0.97; P¿=¿.06) compared with those who had the lowest adherence rates. Conclusions and relevance: an increase in ERAS adherence appears to be associated with a decrease in postoperative complications