Les emprunts aller-retour entre le français et l'anglais dans le sport

Parmi les nombreux anglicismes utilisés dans la langue sportive française nous allons centrer notre analyse dans cette communication sur ceux que l’on appelle emprunts aller-retour, c’est-à-dire des termes que l’anglais a emprunté au français et qui reviennent à la langue originale avec certaines transformations de forme ou de signification. Le parcours de chaque mot est bien différent. Dans certains cas, quand il retourne en France au XIX e siècle, le mot était complètement disparu de l’usage en français comme c’est le cas de sport, challenge, challenger, distancer ou record. D’autres mots n’étaient pas complètement disparus, mais leur utilisation avait été très réduite, aussi bien géographiquement que du point de vue du domaine social ou professionnel. Ainsi nous trouvons des mots qui étaient devenus des régionalismes ou dialectalismes comme endurance et d’autres qui avaient beaucoup restreint leur usage, ne se conservant que dans le langage de certains groupes comme partenaire, avoir le meilleur ou prendre le meilleur. Dans d’autres cas, les mots étaient encore utilisés en français et l’influence de l’anglais se limite à l’élargissement de leur emploi au monde sportif au XIX e siècle ; c’est le cas de amateur, champion ou entraîner. Dans cette communication nous analysons les changements formels et sémantiques subis par ces 2 termes dans leur parcours d’aller entre le français et l’anglais et dans leur retour à la langue française

Simple mathematical approach to solar cell/panel behavior based on datasheet information

new explicit mathematical expression is used to describe the behavior of a photovoltaic device (solar cell/panel), that is, its I-V curve, based on the characteristic points normally included in the manufacturers’ datasheets. This expression consists of two simple equations, one for voltage levels lower than the voltage at the maximum power point, V Vmp. The first equation is defined with two of the three characteristic points (short circuit and maximum power points), whereas the second one is defined with the current and voltage levels at maximum power point, the open circuit voltage, and a constant that can be adjusted based on: 1) the best fitting to the data within the bracket [Vmp, Voc], or 2) one point within this bracket, or 3) the slope of the I-V curve at the open circuit point, or 4) an estimation of that slope. Results of the solar cell/panel behavior analysis obtained with the proposed methodology, are similar to the ones obtained with the well-known 1-diode/2-resistor equivalent circuit model, in terms of accuracy

New method for analytical photovoltaic parameter extraction

Correct modeling of the equivalent circuits regarding solar cell and panels is today an essential tool for power optimization. However, the parameter extraction of those circuits is still a quite difficult task that normally requires both experimental data and calculation procedures, generally not available to the normal user. This paper presents a new analytical method that easily calculates the equivalent circuit parameters from the data that manufacturers usually provide. The analytical approximation is based on a new methodology, since methods developed until now to obtain the aforementioned equivalent circuit parameters from manufacturer's data have always been numerical or heuristic. Results from the present method are as accurate as the ones resulting from other more complex (numerical) existing methods in terms of calculation process and resources

Magnetic Attitude Control for Satellites in Polar or Sun-Synchronous Orbits

In this work, a new law for magnetic control of satellites in near-polar orbits is presented. This law has been developed for the UMPSat-2 microsatellite, which has been designed and manufactured by Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid. The control law is a modification of the B-dot strategy that enables the satellite to control the rotation rate. Besides, the satellite?s equilibrium state is characterized by having the rotation axis perpendicular to the orbit?s plane. The control law described in the present work only needs magnetometers and magnetorquers, as sensors and actuators, respectively, to carry out a successful attitude control on the spacecraft. A description of the analysis is included. Performance and applicability of the proposed method have been demonstrated by control dynamics together with Monte Carlo techniques and by implementing the control law in the UPMSat-2 mission simulator. Results show good performance in terms of acquisition and stability of the satellite rotation rate and orientation with respect to its orbit?s plane

Diseño e implementación del control de motor paso mediante dispositivos embebidos RIO

Este trabajo de fin de grado consiste en el diseño de un control de motor paso a paso, con un objetivo didáctico que permita conocer y entender mejor el funcionamiento de estos motores. Se realiza mediante dos botoneras, una física y otra digital. Para ello se utiliza un dispositivo Arduino, integrado en un circuito impreso, y la programación que va asociada a este, utilizando un código basado en interrupciones del microprocesador y en el cual se establece de manera manual y sin el uso de bibliotecas las secuencias de giro del motor. Para el control digital vía PC se utilizará el programa LabVIEW y la comunicación entre máquina y dispositivo se realizará mediante el puerto serie. Para ello se creará un protocolo de comunicaciones que evite la pérdida de información y que permita trabajar de manera simultánea al control físico y a la digital.Departamento de Ingeniería EléctricaGrado en Ingeniería Eléctric

La lengua del ciclismo en francés : análisis semántico y lexicológico

Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Filología, Departamento de Filología Francesa, leída el 20-11-2002El ciclismo, deporte eminentemente popular, ha creado, en la lengua francesa, un vocabulario de extraordinario interés. Pocos campos y, y no sólo dentro del ámbito deportivo, que presenten una mayor riqueza, complejidad y vivacidad de vocabulario. Participa a la vez de la lengua periodística, de la lengua técnica (en su doble vertiente de técnica deportiva y de tecnología aplicada a la bicicleta) y del argot profesional. En esta tesis se lleva a cabo, a partir de un glosario de más de tres mil términos y locuciones, un análisis semántico y lexicológico de la lengua francesa de este deporte. A la hora de crear su vocabulario, el ciclismo utiliza todos los medios lingüísticos a su disposición (derivación, composición, acortamiento, préstamo externo e interno), aunque lógicamente no en la misma medida. El análisis lingüístico no puede hacerse en abstracto, sino teniendo siempre presente el propio carácter de este deporte, así como su relación con el mundo deportivo en general y con la sociedad en la que se desarrollaDepto. de Estudios Románicos, Franceses, Italianos y TraducciónFac. de FilologíaTRUEpu

On the harmonic analysis of cup anemometer rotation speed: A principle to monitor performance and maintenance status of rotating meteorological sensors

The calibration results of one anemometer equipped with several rotors, varying their size, were analyzed. In each case, the 30-pulses pert turn output signal of the anemometer was studied using Fourier series decomposition and correlated with the anemometer factor (i.e., the anemometer transfer function). Also, a 3-cup analytical model was correlated to the data resulting from the wind tunnel measurements. Results indicate good correlation between the post-processed output signal and the working condition of the cup anemometer. This correlation was also reflected in the results from the proposed analytical model. With the present work the possibility of remotely checking cup anemometer status, indicating the presence of anomalies and, therefore, a decrease on the wind sensor reliability is revealed

On the analytical approach for modeling photovoltaic systems behavior

The 1-diode/2-resistors electric circuit equivalent to a photovoltaic system is analyzed. The equations at particular points of the I–V curve are studied considering the maximum number of terms. The maximum power point as a boundary condition is given special attention. A new analytical method is developed based on a reduced amount of information, consisting in the normal manufacturer data. Results indicate that this new method is faster than numerical methods and has similar (or better) accuracy than other existing methods, numerical or analytical

Analytical calculation of photovoltaic systems maximum power point (MPP) based on the operation point

This work proposes a new analytical model to extract the 1-Diode/2-Resistor solar cell/panel equivalent circuit parameters. The methodology is based on a reduced amount of experimentally measured information: short-circuit current, the slope of the I-V curve at that point, the open-circuit voltage, and the current and voltage levels, together with the slope of the I-V curve at the instantaneous operation point. This procedure is specially designed to analyze the performance of autonomous photovoltaic systems, which are most of the primary sources for spacecraft power. Results show good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, this methodology allows for fast and accurate I-V curve maximum power point (MPP) identification. solar cell; solar panel; photovoltaic array modeling; parameter extractio