Una especie críptica de Ensis (Bivalvia: Pharidae) de la costa sudeste del Pacífico revelada por morfometría geométrica

A new cryptic species of Ensis from the Pacific coast of South America based on geometric morphometrics is revealed. Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) is one of the most important shellfish resources in South America. It was historically reported from San Matías Gulf, Argentina in the Atlantic Ocean to the Peruvian coast in the Pacific. A recent study analysed the intraspecific variation of this species along its distribution range and the genetic results indicated the presence of cryptic diversity. Two evolutionary clades were found: a southern clade (from cold-temperate waters) and a northern clade (from warm-temperate waters). New results based on geometric morphometrics supported the description of Ensis loboi n. sp. for the northern clade. The southern clade retains the name due to type locality of E. macha in Chiloé, Chile. The description of Ensis loboi n. sp. for the southeastern Pacific Ocean has important implications for future studies focused on fisheries management and biogeographical radiation of the group.Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) es uno de los recursos marisqueros más importantes de América del Sur. En este trabajo se describe una nueva especie críptica de Ensis que habita las costas del Pacífico de América del Sur, la cual fue revelada mediante la aplicación de morfometría geométrica. Históricamente E. macha fue reportada desde el Golfo San Matías, Argentina hasta las costas del Perú. Un estudio reciente analizó la variación intraespecífica de esta especie a lo largo de su rango de distribución y los resultados genéticos indicaron la presencia de diversidad críptica. Se encontraron dos clados evolutivos: un clado del sur (de aguas templadas frías) y un clado del norte (de aguas templadas cálidas). Nuevos resultados basados en morfometría geométrica 2D apoyaron la descripción de Ensis loboi n. sp. para el clado norte. El clado sur conserva el nombre debido a la localidad tipo de E. macha en Chiloé, Chile. La descripción de Ensis loboi n. sp. para el Océano Pacífico sureste tiene implicaciones importantes para futuros estudios enfocados en el manejo de pesquerías y la radiación biogeográfica del grupo

A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)

The following classification summarizes the suprageneric taxono-my of the Bivalvia for the upcoming revision of the Bivalvia volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N. The development of this classification began with Carter (1990a), Campbell, Hoeks-tra, and Carter (1995, 1998), Campbell (2000, 2003), and Carter, Campbell, and Campbell (2000, 2006), who, with assistance from the United States National Science Foundation, conducted large-scale morphological phylogenetic analyses of mostly Paleozoic bivalves, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses of living bivalves. Dur-ing the past several years, their initial phylogenetic framework has been revised and greatly expanded through collaboration with many students of bivalve biology and paleontology, many of whom are coauthors. During this process, all available sources of phylogenetic information, including molecular, anatomical, shell morphological, shell microstructural, bio- and paleobiogeographic as well as strati-graphic, have been integrated into the classification. The more recent sources of phylogenetic information include, but are not limited to, Carter (1990a), Malchus (1990), J. Schneider (1995, 1998a, 1998b, 2002), T. Waller (1998), Hautmann (1999, 2001a, 2001b), Giribet and Wheeler (2002), Giribet and Distel (2003), Dreyer, Steiner, and Harper (2003), Matsumoto (2003), Harper, Dreyer, and Steiner (2006), Kappner and Bieler (2006), Mikkelsen and others (2006), Neulinger and others (2006), Taylor and Glover (2006), Kříž (2007), B. Morton (2007), Taylor, Williams, and Glover (2007), Taylor and others (2007), Giribet (2008), and Kirkendale (2009). This work has also benefited from the nomenclator of bivalve families by Bouchet and Rocroi (2010) and its accompanying classification by Bieler, Carter, and Coan (2010).This classification strives to indicate the most likely phylogenetic position for each taxon. Uncertainty is indicated by a question mark before the name of the taxon. Many of the higher taxa continue to undergo major taxonomic revision. This is especially true for the superfamilies Sphaerioidea and Veneroidea, and the orders Pectinida and Unionida. Because of this state of flux, some parts of the clas-sification represent a compromise between opposing points of view. Placement of the Trigonioidoidea is especially problematic. This Mesozoic superfamily has traditionally been placed in the order Unionida, as a possible derivative of the superfamily Unionoidea (see Cox, 1952; Sha, 1992, 1993; Gu, 1998; Guo, 1998; Bieler, Carter, & Coan, 2010). However, Chen Jin-hua (2009) summarized evi-dence that Trigonioidoidea was derived instead from the superfamily Trigonioidea. Arguments for these alternatives appear equally strong, so we presently list the Trigonioidoidea, with question, under both the Trigoniida and Unionida, with the contents of the superfamily indicated under the Trigoniida.Fil: Carter, Joseph G.. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Altaba, Cristian R.. Universidad de las Islas Baleares; EspañaFil: Anderson, Laurie C.. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Araujo, Rafael. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; EspañaFil: Biakov, Alexander S.. Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Bogan, Arthur E.. North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Campbell, David. Paleontological Research Institution; Estados UnidosFil: Campbell, Matthew. Charleston Southern University; Estados UnidosFil: Chen, Jin Hua. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology; República de ChinaFil: Cope, John C. W.. National Museum of Wales. Department of Geology; Reino UnidoFil: Delvene, Graciela. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España; EspañaFil: Dijkstra, Henk H.. Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity; Países BajosFil: Fang, Zong Jie. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Gardner, Ronald N.. No especifica;Fil: Gavrilova, Vera A.. Russian Geological Research Institute; RusiaFil: Goncharova, Irina A.. Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Harries, Peter J.. University of South Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Hartman, Joseph H.. University of North Dakota; Estados UnidosFil: Hautmann, Michael. Paläontologisches Institut und Museum; SuizaFil: Hoeh, Walter R.. Kent State University; Estados UnidosFil: Hylleberg, Jorgen. Institute of Biology; DinamarcaFil: Jiang, Bao Yu. Nanjing University; República de ChinaFil: Johnston, Paul. Mount Royal University; CanadáFil: Kirkendale, Lisa. University Of Wollongong; AustraliaFil: Kleemann, Karl. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Koppka, Jens. Office de la Culture. Section d’Archéologie et Paléontologie; SuizaFil: Kříž, Jiří. Czech Geological Survey. Department of Sedimentary Formations. Lower Palaeozoic Section; República ChecaFil: Machado, Deusana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Malchus, Nikolaus. Institut Català de Paleontologia; EspañaFil: Márquez Aliaga, Ana. Universidad de Valencia; EspañaFil: Masse, Jean Pierre. Universite de Provence; FranciaFil: McRoberts, Christopher A.. State University of New York at Cortland. Department of Geology; Estados UnidosFil: Middelfart, Peter U.. Australian Museum; AustraliaFil: Mitchell, Simon. The University of the West Indies at Mona; JamaicaFil: Nevesskaja, Lidiya A.. Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Özer, Sacit. Dokuz Eylül University; TurquíaFil: Pojeta, John Jr.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Polubotko, Inga V.. Russian Geological Research Institute; RusiaFil: Pons, Jose Maria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Popov, Sergey. Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Sanchez, Teresa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Sartori, André F.. Field Museum of National History; Estados UnidosFil: Scott, Robert W.. Precision Stratigraphy Associates; Estados UnidosFil: Sey, Irina I.. Russian Geological Research Institute; RusiaFil: Signorelli, Javier Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Silantiev, Vladimir V.. Kazan Federal University; RusiaFil: Skelton, Peter W.. Open University. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Reino UnidoFil: Steuber, Thomas. The Petroleum Institute; Emiratos Arabes UnidosFil: Waterhouse, J. Bruce. No especifica;Fil: Wingard, G. Lynn. United States Geological Survey; Estados UnidosFil: Yancey, Thomas. Texas A&M University; Estados Unido

Mactrotoma fragilis Gmelin 1791

Mactrotoma fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) Figures 6 A–K, 7 A–E Mactra fragilis Chemnitz, 1782: 236, pl. 24, fig. 235 (rejected by ICZN, 1944, Opinion 184); Gmelin, 1791: 3261; Spengler 1802: 124; Wood, 1818: 30; Turton, 1822: 74, pl. 4, fig. 10; Conrad, 1831: 61, pl. 14, fig. 3; De Kay, 1843: 230; d’Orbigny, 1846 in 1834–1847: 508; 1853: 222; Forbes & Hanley, 1853: 368; Reeve, 1854: pl. 11, fig. 47; Wood & Hanley, 1856: 39, fig. 32; Carpenter, 1855, in Carpenter, 1855 – 57: 51; Martinez y Saez, 1869: 12; Mörch, 1870: 124; Weinkauff, 1884: 17, pl. 5, fig. 2; Dall, 1895: 211; 1894: 26; Lamy, 1917: 246; Maury, 1920: 131; Perry, 1940: 82, pl. 17, fig. 113; Abbott, 1954: 488, fig. 5587; Cauquoin, 1967: 223; Rios, 1970: 195; 1975: 236, pl. 75, fig. 1129; 1985: 243, pl. 86, fig. 1210; 1994: 265, pl. 90, fig. 1292, 2009: 535, fig. 1486; Altena, 1971: 52. Lutraria candida Lamarck, 1818 in 1815–1822: 470; Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 1835: 92; Hanley, 1842 in 1842 – 1856: 27; Lamy, 1913: 346. Mactra braziliana Lamarck, 1818 in 1815–1822: 478 — Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 1835: 106; Beau, 1853: 414; Hanley, 1842 in 1842– 1856: 31, pl. 10, fig. 60; Conrad, 1868, 45; Gundlach, 1883 b: 482; Dall, 1894 b: 26; Lamy, 1914: 243. Mactra oblonga Say, 1822: 310 — Conrad, 1868, 45; Dall, 1894 b: 26. Mactra oblongata [error pro oblonga] Ravenel, 1834: 2. Spisula fragilis Gray, 1837: 373; Conrad, 1868: 45. Mactra bilineata Reeve, 1854: pl. 15, fig. 72 — Deshayes, 1855 a: 67; Weinkauff, 1884: 84, pl. 28, figs. 6 – 6 a; Tomlin, 1924: 136. Standella bilineata H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 in 1853–1858: 382 — Dall, 1894 b: 26. Standella fragilis H. Adams & A. Adams, 1856 in 1853–1858: 382; Conrad, 1868: 45. Spisula (Standella) bilineata (Reeve, 1854) — Conrad, 1868: 44. Mactra anserina Guppy, 1875: 49, pl. 7, fig. 1 — Dall, 1894 b: 26. Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to oval, pallial sinus rounded and deep of about half shell length, maximum length measured 85 mm (ANSP 338354); left hinge with anterior lateral teeth with two cusps, right hinge with anterior ventral lateral teeth with two cusps. Description. Shell trigonal to oval, inequilateral, external surface smooth without ornamentation (Fig. 6 D), posterodorsal area defined by a line from umbones to posterior end and covered by a brownish periostracum; anterior end rounded, lunule not defined; ventral margin convex; internally white, right hinge with two anterior and two posterior lateral teeth, the ventral anterior with two cusps, the posterior similar in size and with one cusp; two cardinal teeth (3 a & 3 b) unfused (Fig. 7 A); left hinge with V-shaped cardinal tooth composed of two single cardinals (2 a & 2 b), one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth (AII & PII), the anterior with two cusps (Fig. 7 B). Ultrastructure of the shell with two layers as in other species here studied (Figs. 7 C–E). Type material. [Mactra fragilis] types not found at ZMUC, ZMB and Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Science of St. Petersburg (Martynov 2002), probably lost; [Lutraria candida] MNHN unnumbered, two syntypes; [Mactra braziliana] MNHN unnumbered, one syntype; [Mactra oblonga] ANSP 51418, one syntype; [Mactra bilineata] NHMUK unnumbered, two syntypes; [Mactra anserina] types not found at NHMUK, Guppy main collection deposited at Victoria Institute, Trinidad, destroyed by fire in 1920 (Sherborn 1940). Type locality. Nicobar Islands, India, erroneously recorded. Other material examined. United States of America—Myrtle Beach, North Carolina (USNM 471502, 487435); South Carolina (USNM 27020; ANSP 51417, 51419, 51418, 178514; AMNH 292619, 270166); Beaufort, South Carolina (MNRJ 1289; USNM 27015, 462356, 426251, 126104; USNM 54361); Florida (FURG 3106; USNM 54351, 124262, 604795; ANSP 43998, 175870, 132403, 186630, 51420, 76091, 174710, 158565, 189774, 174685, 180440, 387126, 88241, 76656, 354086, 264033; AMNH 210012, 311038, 139098, 131872, 121162, 125638, 100385, 248021, 172235, 248026; MZUSP 36139, 46840, 62656, 62663); Cape Canaveral (ANSP 371472); Peanut Island (AMNH 293566); Prickly Bay, Florida (ANSP 296550); Lake Worth, Florida (USNM 253194, 127259, 127259, 599286); Miami, Florida (AMNH 140442, 36058); Biscayne Bay, Florida (AMNH 120144); Caesars Creek bank (USNM 462364); Honda Bay, Florida (AMNH 309253); Sanibel (ANSP 175433, 170554; AMNH 309260, 120142, 103342, 100035, 97438, 99887); Lemon Bay (USNM 732875, 741380); Sarasota Beach, Florida (USNM 533964); Sarasota Bay, Florida (AMNH 120143); Bird Key, Tortugas (USNM 426252, 27016, 462357); Manatee River (USNM 61076, 604755); Bradenton Beach, Florida (AMNH 199586); St. Petersburg. Florida (AMNH 248820; 172236); Egmont Key, Florida (USNM 117656); Tampa Bay (USNM 27014, 462361); Cedar Key (USNM 36039, 134863, 93660); Dog Island, Apalachicola (USNM 185476); West Florida (ANSP 193681); Saint Augustine, Florida (USNM 61158); St. Andrews Bay, Florida (AMNH 266831; 266832); Texas (USNM 125653; ANSP 161372, 180061, 176590, 348776, 401045; AMNH 293567; MZUSP 13033); North of Mississippi (ANSP 209694); Palisades (USNM 442511); Old Providence (ANSP 154635); Dickinson Bay, Texas (ANSP 394662); Matagorda Bay, Texas (USNM 106996, 134410, 465242, 107376); Rockport, Texas (USNM 134411); Corpus Christi, Texas (USNM 123487). Central America—Gulf of Mexico (ANSP 338354); San Carlos Bay, Mexico (AMNH 131189); Yucatán (USNM 27017); Hopkins, Belize (ANSP 282762, 282921); Belize (USNM 777780, 771015, 771028; AMNH 183702; ANSP 285014, 282293, 284251, 284252); Honduras (NHMUK 1963.33.1– 4, 4 valves, 1 illustrated by Reeve (1854)); Venado, Panama (AMNH 248509); Panama channel (USNM 743472; 783033, 821599); Randolph, Panama (USNM 759164, 759346); Panama bay (AMNH 159536); Bahamas (AMNH 168779; USNM 707309, USNM 846338; ANSP 375172; 375171); La Habana bay (ANSP 52698); Cabañas Harbour, Cuba (USNM 462366); Cárdenas Bay, Cuba (USNM 462365); Cuba (AMNH 113659); Santa Rosa, Cuba (USNM 462360); Cienfuegos, Cuba (USNM 462363; Jamaica (USNM 440799, 442762, 423771, 102894, 27018, 441315, 375542; AMNH 34065, 34901); Haiti (USNM 383300, 440449, 440227); Dominican Republic (AMNH 94720); Santa Bárbara de Samana (MNRJ 1290); Santo Domingo (ANSP 173309, 182441); Talleboa, Puerto Rico (AMNH 174); Virgin Islands (AMNH 185921, 185851); Saint Thomas (USNM 530415, 604811, 250119, 321646); Tortola (ANSP 51415); Seaforth Bay, Antigua (AMNH 311152); Saint George, Grenada (ANSP 344048, 332097; AMNH 185257); Icacos, Trinidad (ANSP 157776). Colombia—Cartagena (USNM 517823, 364328); Puerto Colombia (USNM 543429). Venezuela—Margarita Island, (USNM 786537; MZUSP 57369, 58709, 61627); La Guaira (ANSP 264261). Brazil—Pernambuco (MZUSP 14805); Marau (MZUSP 22391); Salvador (MZUSP 28480, 44241, 44980, 44982, 45005, 59291, 59292, 59301, 77465, 77466, 81200); Bahía (MZUSP 15644, 26828, 70207; FURG 22285, 23467, 41374, 10814, 47433, 9945; ANSP 263476); Espírito Santo (MZUSP 73065); Búzios (MZUSP 48473, 57127); Niterói (MNRJ 4387); Muriqui (MNRJ 1479); Mangaratiba (MNRJ 5354); Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 2708, 6610, USNM 17500, 120193, AMNH 34064, 34063; MACN-In 5022; MZUSP 22392, 77464, 83188, 40122); Ilha Grande (MZUSP 22316); Peruíbe (MZUSP 80834); São Sebastião (MZUSP 22398, 22401, 22402, 44203, 44244, 44997, 56205; FURG 17158); Santos (MZUSP 13042); São Paulo (MZUSP 22400, 59311, 81934); Ubatuba (MZUSP 14944, 22394, 26477); Bertioga (MZUSP 50484, 62147); Cananeia (MZUSP 83348, 83386); Ilha Bela (MZUSP 22399, 41683, 41712, 41785, 44971, 44996, 77463, 77467, 77468, 77469, 77470, 77579, 79935, 83468); Porto Belo (FURG 11784); Bombinhas (MZUSP 34588); Santa Catarina (FURG 40237, 1576, 47781; MZUSP 13041). Distribution. From North Carolina, USA, to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Remarks. Mactra fragilis was introduced by Chemnitz (1782). However, this work was rejected due to nomenclatorial causes (Direction 1 ICZN 1954, Opinion 184, 1944). Mactra fragilis (Gmelin, 1791), a common species living in the western Atlantic has been cited with other names, i.e.: Lutraria candida Lamarck, 1818 (Figs. 6 B–C); Mactra braziliana Lamarck, 1818 (Figs. 6 D–F); Mactra oblonga Say, 1822 (Figs. 6 G–H); Mactra bilineata Reeve, 1854 (Figs. 6 I–J) and Mactra anserina Guppy, 1875 (Fig. 6 K) which are considered synonyms according to the similarities observed in the type material. Mactra oblonga was erroneously cited by Ravenel (1834) as M. oblongata (nomen nudum). Mactra dealbata Pulteney, 1799, later named as M. tellinoides Pulteney, 1813, is a valid species that was erroneously considered a synonym of M. fragilis by Wood and Hanley (1856), Dall (1894 b), Lamy (1917), among others. This species was mentioned living along the coast of Dorset, England. Mactra ambigua Weinkauff, 1884, cited by Dall (1894 b) as synonym of M. fragilis, is in fact a synonym of M. compressa Spengler, 1802, living along the northern Atlantic coast of Africa. This conclusion was drawn after the revision of Spengler´s mactrid types deposited at ZMUC. Finally, Mactra ovalina Lamarck, 1818, cited as synonym of M. fragilis by Carpenter (1855, in Carpenter, 1855 – 57), Dall (1894 b), and others, is a valid species living in Arabia (Bosch et al. 1995).Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on pages 38-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486

Trinitasia iheringi Dall 1897, new combination

Trinitasia iheringi (Dall, 1897) new combination Figures 2 A–D, 3 A–H Mactrella iheringi Dall, 1897: 123; 1902: 510, pl. 32, fig. 8; 1915: 62. Mulinia kempfi Cauquoin, 1969 b: 1175, fig. 1. Mactra iheringi (Dall, 1897) — Rios, 1970: 196, pl. 57; 1975: 236, pl. 75, fig. 1130; 1985: 243, pl. 86, fig. 1211; 1994: 265, pl. 90, fig. 1293; 2009: 536, fig. 1487. Mactrellona iheringi (Dall, 1897) — Altena, 1971: 54, pl. 5, fig. 1–3. Mactra inceri Petuch, 1998: 39, figs. 7, 8, 11. Diagnosis. Shell length up to 65 mm, anterodorsal margin concave; pallial sinus deep and V-shaped; left hinge with the V-shaped cardinal tooth almost fused with the anterior lateral tooth, dorsal edge prolonged. Description. Shell trigonal to subcircular, inequilateral, strong, umbones prosogyrate, inflated; dorsal margin concave in front of umbones (Fig. 2 A–B), anterior end rounded; escutcheon not defined, ventral margin convex; external surface smooth, maximum length measured 57 mm (MACN-In 1817). Internally white, left hinge with two short lateral teeth (AII & PII), with one cusp, cardinal tooth V-shaped composed of two simple divergent cardinals (2 a & 2 b) flanked by accessory lamella (4 b) (Fig. 2 I); right hinge with two anterior lateral teeth (AI & AIII) elongated and similar in size and shape, two posterior lateral teeth (PI & PIII), the ventral one larger and elongated; with two cardinal teeth (3 a & 3 b) unfused and fragile; a trigonal chondrophore ventrally developed complete the hinge plate (Fig. 2 H); pallial sinus V-shaped and deep to about half shell length. Ultrastructure of the shell with an outer crossed lamellar layer of elongated crystallites arranged into lamellae; crystallites in adjacent lamellae differ in alignment by approximately 90–98 °. Inner shell layer variably complex crossed lamellar (Figs. 2 J–K). Mantle cavity organs. Siphons entirely fused and covered by the periostracum (Fig. 3 A), internal papillae observed along the length axis (Figs. 3 B–C); body laterally compressed with a rounded and large foot (Fig. 3 H); ctenidia composed of two elongated and lenticular demibranchs, inner demibranch larger (Fig. 3 D) with a food groove over the ventral margin (Fig. 3 E), not observed in the outer one; labial palps trigonal, moderately elongated but large in relation to ctenidia size (Fig. 3 F–G). Type material. [Mactrella iheringi] USNM 107632, holotype, one LV; [Mulinia kempfi] MNHN unnumbered, two syntypes; [Mactra inceri] CMNH 47338, holotype, length 35.5 m, width 41 mm; CMNH 47346 – 50, four paratypes. Type locality. São Paulo state, Brazil, collected by H. von Ihering. Other material examined. Nicaragua Bragman's Bluff, Puerto Cabezas (CMNH 47.338, holotype, length 35.5 m, width 41 mm; CMNH 47346 – 50, four paratypes). Brazil—Aracaju, (MNRJ 724, 1406); Alagoas (FURG 11134); Bahía (FURG 11450, 27544); Caravelas (MZUSP 13039); Alcobaça (MNRJ 8536); Espírito Santo (MZUSP 82659; FURG 15977); Amapá (FURG 14838; 14128); Rio de Janeiro (MZUSP 45110); Peruíbe (FURG 37478); Cananeia (MZUSP 22388); Guarujá (MZUSP 15856); Iguapé (MZUSP 22386); Ilha Cardoso (MZUSP 44977); Peruíbe (FURG 17258; MZUSP 15124, 15132, 15145, 22384, 22385, 34290, 44975, 44978, 44995, 45193, 80825); Ilha Grande (MZUSP 77488, 84042); São Vicente (MZUSP 80967); Santos (USNM 465565, 152631; MZUSP 303, 44976); São Paulo (MNRJ 2709; USNM 681901, 775649; FURG 31562; MZUSP 659, 22382, 22383, 22387, 22389, 22390, 46481, 77487); Ubatuba (MZUSP 22372, 22373, 22374, 22375, 22376, 22377, 22378, 22379, 22380, 22381, 44969, 46789); Guaratuba (MZUSP 15072, 22367); Paraná (MZUSP 22368, 22369); Paranaguá (FURG 5180); Praia do Saí, Paraná (MZUSP 22370); Santa Catarina (FURG 42979, 47887, 34350, 47655; MZUSP 4627). Distribution. From Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua to Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Remarks. The types of M. kempfi (Figs. 2 C–D) and M. inceri, illustrated by Petuch (1998), coincide with Trinitasia iheringi. Mulinia kempfi was synonymized by Rios (1985, p. 243). The analysis of types confirmed this synonymy. When Petuch (1998) described M. inceri, he pointed out shell differences between his species and T. iheringi. They were a less elongated shell, slightly anterior to the midline umbo position, depressed lunule producing a noticeable concavity along the anterior-dorsal area and pallial sinus deeper in Petuch's species. However, those differences must be considered intraspecific and both names considered as synonyms. Trinitasia iheringi was included in different genera in the literature (Dall 1897; Altena, 1971; among others); however, the shell characters suggest the new combination proposed here. It does not belong in Mactra as its type species has a more elongated shell with a hinge characterized by lateral teeth equal in size and shape and a shallower pallial sinus. The absence of concentric external ornamentation, the stronger lateral teeth, the V-shaped pallial sinus and the poorly defined escutcheon suggest that T. iheringi does not belong to the genus Mactrella. In addition, the absence of a well developed keel and differences in hinge morphology separate it from Mactrellona. The genus Trinitasia, introduced by Maury (1928) from the Miocene of Trinidad, was described to include the species Thyasira sanctiandreae Maury, 1925 (Fig. 2 E–F). This genus was placed in Lucinidae by Chavan in Moore (1969: N 505). Later, Woodring (1982) placed it in Mactridae after the examination of additional material. He also examined additional material from two species considered synonyms of Trinitasia sanctiandreae. The first one was described by Weisbord (1929) as Dermatomya harrisi from Tubará formation of Colombia (Fig. 2 G). The second was introduced a few months later by Anderson (1929) as Mactra (Mulinia?) atlanticola from the same locality. The shell characters observed on the three related fossil taxa coincide with those of the types of Dall. The new combination thus provides the first evidence of the Tertiary genus in the living fauna from Brazil.Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486

Anatina Schumacher 1817

Genus Anatina Schumacher, 1817: 126 . [= Labiosa Möller, 1832 (ex Schmidt MS) (unnecessary n.n. pro Anatina Schumacher, 1817, not preocupied by Anatines (vernacular) Lamarck in Bosc, 1816); Cypricia Gray, 1847; Leucoparia Mayer, 1867, (nom. pro Cypricia)] Type species. Anatina pellucida Schumacher, 1817 (= Mactra anatina Spengler, 1802), [monotypy]. Diagnosis. Shell fragile, posterodorsal area with a siphonal gap and defined by a line from umbones to posterior end; hinge with conspicuous cardinal teeth and rudimentary laterals. Distribution. Atlantic and Pacific coast of the American continent.Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486

Mulinia Gray 1837

Genus Mulinia Gray, 1837 Type species. Mulinia typica Gray, 1837 (= Mactra edulis King, 1832) [original designation]. Diagnosis. Shell thick, trigonal to subcircular, ligament exclusively internal. Distribution. Atlantic coast of Central and South America, Pacific coast of South America and East coast of Southern Africa (Indian Ocean).Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486

Trinitasia Maury 1928

Genus Trinitasia Maury, 1928 Type species. Thyasira sanctiandreae Maury, 1925 [original designation] Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to subcircular, lunule well defined; pallial sinus deep, V-shaped; lateral teeth short, close to cardinals, anterior ones almost fused with anterior cardinal tooth, accessory lamella strong; anterior end round and high. Distribution. Atlantic coasts of Central and South America. Registered in the Miocene of Trinidad y Tobago, Venezuela and Colombia.Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486

Mactrotoma Dall 1894

Genus Mactrotoma Dall, 1894 Type species. Mactra fragilis Gmelin, 1791, [Dall, 1894 b, original designation]. Diagnosis. Shell trigonal to subcircular, posterior area covered by a thick periostracum and defined by a line. Distribution. Atlantic coast of America, from United States to Brazil, Pacific coast of North America to Peru, South east Asia.Published as part of Signorelli, Javier H. & Pastorino, Guido, 2012, Taxonomic revision of Brazilian Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 (Bivalvia: Cardiida), pp. 30-53 in Zootaxa 3245 on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/654486