Genetic diversity in Mexican Creole pigs with candidate genes associated with productive characters

The aim of this study was to compare the genetic variability and diversity, and genetic distances between Mexican Creole pigs – Pelón Mexicano (CPM) and Cuinos (CC) – with the commercial breed Yorkshire for the candidate genes CAST,DECR1, HAL, HFABP4, LEP, LIPE, MCR4, MYOG, RN andCHX, using the PCR-RFLP technique. One hundred eighty pigs (59 CPM, 65 CC and 56 Yorkshire) were evaluated. Gene and genotypic frequencies, heterozygosity, genetic distances and filogenetic trees between breed groups were analyzed. In the comparison among the three breeds, the allelic and genotypic frequencies were different for CAST, DECR1, HFABP4, LEP, MCR4 and CHX. ForLIPE, CC pigs were similar to Yorkshire; while for MYOG, the CPM were similar to Yorkshire breeds. There were no differences in the genic and genotypic frequencies for HALand RN genes between Creole and Yorkshire populations. The Yorkshire breed had higher favorable allele frequency for CAST, LIPE, MCR4 and MYOG, smaller for DECR1,HFABP4, and for CHX, and moderate for LEP genes. The heterozygosity average for all genes was higher in CPM (0.42±0.05) and similar in both the CC (0.33±0.06) and Yorkshire (0.35±0.05) breeds. In the estimation of genetic distances considering all genes, the CC breed are more distant from the Yorshire pigs.El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la variabilidad, diversidad y distancias genéticas entre cerdos criollos, Pelón Mexicano (CPM) y Cuinos (CC), con Yorkshire, cuanto a los genes candidatos CAST, DECR1, HAL, HFABP4, LEP, LIPE, MCR4, MYOG, RN y CHX, a través de analysis por PCR-RFLP. Se evaluaron 180 cerdos: 59 CPM, 65 CC y 56 Yorkshire. Se analizaron las frecuencias génicas y genotípicas, heterocigosidad, distancias genéticas y árboles filogenéticos entre grupos raciales. Para CAST, DECR1, HFABP4, LEP, MCR4 y CHX las frecuencias génicas y genotípicas fueron diferentes al comparar las tres razas. En LIPE, los CC fueron iguales a los Yorkshire; en cuanto a MYOG, los CPM fueron iguales a los Yorkshire. No hubo diferencias entre poblaciones criollas y Yorkshire en las frecuencias génicas y genotípicas para HAL y RN. Los cerdos Yorkshire presentaron mayor frecuencia en alelos favorables para CAST, LIPE, MCR4 y MYOG, menor frecuencia de DECR1, HFABP4, CHX, y moderada en LEP. La heterocigosidad promedio para todos los genes fue mayor en CPM (0,42±0,05) y similar en CC (0,33±0,06) y Yorkshire (0,35±0,05). Al calcular distancias genéticas con todos los genes, los CC se encuentran más distantes de los Yorkshire.The aim of this study was to compare the genetic variability and diversity, and genetic distances between Mexican Creole pigs – Pelón Mexicano (CPM) and Cuinos (CC) – with the commercial breed Yorkshire for the candidate genes CAST, DECR1, HAL, HFABP4, LEP, LIPE, MCR4, MYOG, RN and CHX, using the PCR-RFLP technique. One hundred eighty pigs (59 CPM, 65 CC and 56 Yorkshire) were evaluated. Gene and genotypic frequencies, heterozygosity, genetic distances and filogenetic trees between breed groups were analyzed. In the comparison among the three breeds, the allelic and genotypic frequencies were different for CAST, DECR1, HFABP4, LEP, MCR4 and CHX. For LIPE, CC pigs were similar to Yorkshire; while for MYOG, the CPM were similar to Yorkshire breeds. There were no differences in the genic and genotypic frequencies for HAL and RN genes between Creole and Yorkshire populations. The Yorkshire breed had higher favorable allele frequency for CAST, LIPE, MCR4 and MYOG, smaller for DECR1, HFABP4, and for CHX, and moderate for LEP genes. The heterozygosity average for all genes was higher in CPM (0.42±0.05) and similar in both the CC (0.33±0.06) and Yorkshire (0.35±0.05) breeds. In the estimation of genetic distances considering all genes, the CC breed are more distant from the Yorshire pigs

Efecto de extractos naturales sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de hamburguesas de carne de cerdo durante el almacenamiento refrigerado

The effect of three natural extracts made from culinary spices with antioxidant activity on the oxidative stability of lipids and proteins, color changes, and sensory quality of cooked pork during 12 days of refrigerated storage was evaluated. Hamburger-type model systems were made with the Longissimus thoracis et lomborum muscle, dorsal fat, salt, water and the corresponding extract. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by the DPPH and ABTS+ methods, while the oxidation of lipids and proteins by TBA-RS and DNPH, respectively. For the color evaluation, the parameters of luminosity (L*) and Hue angle (°h) were used. The sensory analysis was carried out with an untrained panel, which evaluated the attributes of taste, color, smell and texture. The statistical processing of the data obtained on antioxidant activity, lipid and protein oxidation, as well as color, was performed by an analysis of variance. The sensory evaluation was processed with nonparametric statistics. Extract two had the highest antioxidant activity (P≤0.05); the three extracts managed to inhibit (P≤0.05) lipid oxidation in the hamburgers (P≤0.05); however, none of the three extracts managed to inhibit protein oxidation. There were also no differences (P≥0.05) with respect to the L* parameter, while the values of °h showed that the three extracts managed to preserve the color of the cooked hamburgers during refrigerated storage. Finally, the sensory evaluation showed that none of the three extracts altered the organoleptic quality of the hamburgers.Se evaluó el efecto de tres extractos naturales elaborados a base de especias culinarias con actividad antioxidante, sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de lípidos y proteínas, cambios de color, y calidad sensorial de carne de cerdo cocinada durante 12 días de almacenamiento refrigerado. Se elaboraron sistemas modelo tipo hamburguesa con el músculo Longissimus thoracis et lomborum, grasa dorsal, sal, agua y el extracto correspondiente. La actividad antioxidante de los extractos se determinó mediante los métodos DPPH y ABTS+, mientras que la oxidación de lípidos y proteínas por TBA-RS y DNPH respectivamente. Para la evaluación de color se utilizaron los parámetros de luminosidad (L*) y ángulo Hue (°h). El análisis sensorial se realizó con un panel no entrenado, el cual evaluó los atributos de sabor, color, olor y textura. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos obtenidos de actividad antioxidante, oxidación lipídica y proteica, así como de color se realizaron mediante un análisis de varianza. La evaluación sensorial fue procesada con estadística no paramétrica. El extracto dos presentó la mayor actividad antioxidante (P≤0.05); los tres extractos lograron inhibir (P≤0.05) la oxidación de lípidos en las hamburguesas (P≤0.05); sin embargo, ninguno de los tres extractos logró inhibir la oxidación proteica. Tampoco hubo diferencias (P≥0.05) respecto al parámetro de L*, mientras que los valores de °h mostraron que los tres extractos lograron conservar el color de las hamburguesas cocinadas durante el almacenamiento refrigerado. Finalmente, la evaluación sensorial evidenció que ninguno de los tres extractos alteró la calidad organoléptica de las hamburguesas

Efecto antimicrobiano de aditivos naturales en carne de cerdo cruda

An alternative to reduce microbial growth in meat products stored in refrigeration is the use of edible additives made from culinary spices, and green jamaica chalices and lemon juice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three edible additives (additive 1: onion, cinnamon, coriander, lemon juice, cinnamon-clove mix; additive 2: onion, coriander, laure leaves, lemon juice, cinnamon-clove mix; additive 3: onion, coriander, black pepper, green chili, garlic, salt, green hibiscus calyx, lemon juice, cinnamon-clove mix), on the growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw pork burgers stored at 4 °C for 12 days. The experimental results indicate that additive 3 significantly reduced the growth of a high concentration of E. Coli (105 UFC/mL) in hamburgers, even at 50% of its original concentrationEste estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de tres aditivos comestibles, elaborados a base de especias culinarias (canela, clavo, cebolla, cilantro, pimienta negra, chile verde, ajo, orégano, hojas de laurel), así como cálices de jamaica verde y jugo de limón sobre la inhibición en el crecimiento de Escherichia coli O157:H7 en carne cruda de cerdo. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que en particular el aditivo 3 fue el que logró mostrar la mayor concentración de compuestos fenólicos totales así como el mejor efecto antibacteriano. Dicho efecto se puede atribuir a su alto contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, los cuales han sido reportados que poseen actividad antimicrobiana. La eficacia de los compuestos polifenólicos podría atribuirse a su interacción con la membrana celular de los microorganismos, inhibiendo así actividades metabólicas básicas de las células bacterianas

Pleurotus Genus as a Potential Ingredient for Meat Products

Edible mushrooms are considered an important source of nutritional and bioactive compounds. In this review, the findings of macronutrients, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobials against foodborne pathogens of some Pleurotus spp., as well as their potential use as an ingredient in the meat industry are discussed. The results show that Pleurotus spp. are an important source of proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Additionally, the presence of some bioactive components, such as polysaccharides (α-glucans, β-glucans, and so on), proteins/enzymes and peptides (eryngin, pleurostrin, and others) phenolic acids (p-coumaric, chlorogenic, cinnamic, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, and others) and flavonoids (chrysin, naringenin, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, or the like) has been demonstrated. Several works evidenced the use of Pleurotus spp. in some meat and meat products (patties, sausages, paste, and suchlike) as a novel ingredient in order to improve their chemical composition and functional health promoting properties, as well as to increase their physicochemical and sensory attributes. In conclusion, the use of Pleurotus is a promissory strategy for the development of natural additives rich in nutritional and bioactive components for meat and meat product formulation

Use of Pleurotus ostreatus to Enhance the Oxidative Stability of Pork Patties during Storage and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

Lipid and protein oxidation are the major causes of meat quality deterioration. Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a strategy to prevent quality deterioration during cold storage. This study aimed to assess the effects of Pleurotus ostreatus powder (POP) on the oxidative stability of pork patties during cold storage and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (ivGD). Pork patties were subjected to four treatments: control (without antioxidant), T1 (2% POP, w/w) and T2 (5% POP, w/w), and T3 as positive control (0.02% BHT, fat basis). POP aqueous, ethanolic, and aqueous ethanol extract were subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant assays. Raw pork patties were subjected to a chemical proximate composition evaluation. At the same time, raw and cooked pork patties were stored at 2 °C for 9 days and subjected to meat quality measurements. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of cooked pork patties was determined after ivGD. Results showed that POP ethanol extract showed the highest polysaccharide, phenol, and flavonoid content, as well as antiradical and reducing power properties. POP incorporation into raw and cooked pork patties enhances meat quality traits, including pH, water-holding capacity, cooking-loss weight, texture, color, lipid, and protein oxidation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, incorporating POP into cooked samples increases the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity during ivGD. In conclusion, POP has great potential as a natural antioxidant for meat products