Response of Starter Broiler Chickens to Feed Diets Treated with Organic Acids

Background: Organic acids contain one or more carboxylic acid groups which are linked with covalent bond and  have acidic properties that can enhance the reservation of protein and some other nutrients in birds. Antibiotic growth promoters have been banned due to their residues that remain in the meat and effects the human beings. Therefore, the organic acids are used as their alternatives. The present study is aimed to inspect the outcome of organic acids on uptake of feed, feed gain ratio, and live weight gain in broiler chickens.Methods: A total of 150 unsexed broiler chickens were used for this experiment which were having five categories of treatment as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. Each category had thirty birds. T1 was treated with a standard diet, T2was treated with acetic acid, T3 with butyric acid, T4 with citric acid and T5 with formic acid.  The duration of this experiment was 28 days. After the specified time of this experiment, the data of uptake of feed and body weight was gathered on weekly basis.  Comparison of all the five treatments was done by using the Duncan's multiple range test.Results: Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was found lower in T5 than other treatments. T5 group showed the highest average value of final body weight of broilers in contrast to the T3 group which showed the lowest final body weight.  Feed intake was found significantly different within the treatments. T3 showed significantly lower value as compared to other treatments. The lowest value of average regular uptake of grains was found in T3 treatment group. Broilers fed on formic acid have shown a better protein efficiency ratio than that of butyric acid and citric acid. Broilers treated with citric acid have a significant difference which indicates more water consumption as compared to other treatments.Conclusion: Organic acids have a productive effect on the growth of animals and broiler chickens. Organic acids including butyric acid, acetic, citric, formic, fumaric, and propionic acid vary in their biochemical actions in the system of animals. Organic acid affects the final weight gain, average regular gain in weight, total uptake of feed, and feed to gain ratio, daily intake of protein, protein efficiency ratio, total water uptake, average water intake, and water feed ratio. Based on the present study, further analysis is required to look over the impacts of addition of organic acid on the growth accomplishment of broiler chicks.Keywords: Broiler chicks; Organic acid; Butyric acid; Citric acid; Acetic acid; Formic acid 

Synthesis of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol and its antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

This study is based on the synthesis of 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol (C16H12N2O) as an azo coupled dye through coupling reaction of phenyl diazonium salt and α- naphthol in ice-cold chilled water. Azo coupling involved an electrophilic substitution reaction of phenyl diazonium cation with α- naphtholate ion, the coupling partner. The 4-phenylazo-1-naphthol was characterized through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antifungal activity of 4-phenyl-azo-1-naphthol was checked against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing wilt disease in tomato. Eight concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 100 mg mL-1 were tested against the fungus. None of the concentration suppressed the fungal growth. Instead, all the concentrations variably enhanced the fungal biomass over control by 8–28%. This study concludes that the synthesized compound did not possess antifungal potential against FOL

UV-Accelerated Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticide over Magnetite and Cobalt Ferrite Decorated Graphene Oxide Composite

Pesticides are one of the main organic pollutants as they are highly toxic and extensively used worldwide. The reclamation of wastewater containing pesticides is of utmost importance. For this purpose, GO-doped metal ferrites (GO-FeO and GO-CoFeO) were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Photocatalytic potentials of catalysts were investigated against acetamiprid's degradation. A detailed review of the parametric study revealed that efficiency of overall Fenton's process relies on the combined effects of contributing factors, i.e., pH, initial oxidant concentration, catalyst dose, contact time, and acetamiprid load. ~97 and ~90% degradation of the acetamiprid was achieved by GO-CoFeO and GO-FeO, respectively during the first hour under UV radiations at optimized reaction conditions. At optimized conditions (i.e., pH:3, [HO]: 14.5 mM (for FeO, GO-FeO and GO-CoFeO) and 21.75 mM (for CoFeO), catalysts: 100 mgL, time: 60min) the catalysts exhibited excellent performance, with high degradation rate, magnetic power, easy recovery at the end, and efficient reusability (up to 5 cycles without any considerable loss in catalytic activity). A high magnetic character offers its easy separation from aqueous systems using an external magnet. Moreover, the combined effects of experimental variables were assessed simultaneously and justified using response surface methodology (RSM).This research received no external funding

Anti-Parkinson’s evaluation of Brassica juncea leaf extract and underlying mechanism of its phytochemicals

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is asso- ciated with progressive neuronal damage and dysfunction. Oxidative stress helps to regulate neurodegenerative and neuronal dysfunction. Natural compounds could attenuate oxidative stress in a variety of neurological disorders. B. juncea is a rich source of antioxidants. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of B. juncea leaves for the treatment of PD by applying behavioral, in vivo and in silico studies. For in vivo studies rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group-I served as nor- mal control (vehicle control). Group-II was disease con- trol (haloperidol 1 mg/kg). Group-III was kept as a stan- dard group (L-Dopa 100 mg/kg + carbidopa 25 mg/kg). Groups (IV–VI) were the treatment groups, receiving ex- tract at 200-, 400- and 600 mg/kg doses respectively, for 21 days orally.Results: In vivo study results showed that the extract was found to improve muscles strength, motor co- ordination, and balance in PD. These behavioral outcomes were consistent with the recovery of endogenous antioxi- dant defence in biochemical analysis which was further cor- roborated with histopathological ameliorations. Dopamine levels increased and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) levels decreased dose-dependently in the brain during the study. Herein, we performed molecular docking analysis of the proposed extracted phytochemicals has explained that four putative phytochemicals (sinapic acid, rutin, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid) have presented very good results in terms of protein-ligand binding interactions as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion & toxicity (ADMET) profile estimations.Conclusion: The undertaken study concluded the anti-Parkinson activity of B. juncea and fur- ther suggests developments on its isolated compounds in PD therapeutics.peer-reviewe