Modulation Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptor alpha (PPAR α) and Acyl Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase1 (ACAT1) Gene expression by Fatty Acids in Foam cell

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One of the most important factors in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis is the default in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Many genes and transcription factors such as Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Acyl Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase1 (ACAT1) are involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Fatty Acids are important ligands of PPARα and the concentration of them can effect expression of ACAT1. So this study designed to clarified on the role of these genes and fatty acids on the lipid metabolism in foam cells.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study examined effects of c9, t11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid(c9, t11-CLA), Alpha Linolenic Acid (LA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) on the PPARα and ACAT1 genes expression by using Real time PCR and cholesterol homeostasis in THP-1 macrophages derived foam cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Incubation of c9, t11-CLA, LA cause a significant reduction in intracellular Total Cholesterol, Free Cholesterol, cellular and Estrified Cholesterol concentrations (<it>P </it>≤ 0.05). CLA and LA had no significant effect on the mRNA levels of ACAT1, but EPA increased ACAT1 mRNA expression (<it>P </it>= 0.003). Treatment with EPA increased PPARα mRNA levels (<it>P </it>≤ 0.001), although CLA, LA had no significant effect on PPARα mRNA expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In conclusion, it seems that different fatty acids have different effects on gene expression and lipid metabolism and for complete conception study of the genes involved in lipid metabolism in foam cell all at once maybe is benefit.</p

Resveratrol Suppresses Cardiac Renin Angiotensin System in the Late Phase of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background and objectives: Resveratrol(3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural polyphenole phytoalexin which exerts potential cardioprotective effects, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unknown. Cardiac renin angiotensin system (RAS) over-activation plays an important role in pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) progression. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the main components of RAS during early and late phase of myocardial hypertrophy. Methods: To consider the early and late phase of LVH, the rats were studied two and sixteen weeks after abdominal aorta banding without treatment (H2w and H16w groups, respectively) or with resveratrol (R) treatment. Intact animals served as control (Ctl). Arterial blood pressure was recorded by carotid cannulation. Angiotensin II (Ang II) level was measured using ELISA kit. Gene expression was evaluated by Real time RT-PCR technique. Cardiomyocyte size and fibrosis were assessed using haematoxylin/eosin and Masson trichrome staining, respectively Results: Results of this study showed that in H2w group AT1a mRNA level was increased significantly (pConclusion: Progression of LVH is accompanied by dynamic changes in RAS components expression in myocardial tissue. Resveratrol protects the heart against pressure overload-induced hypertrophy in part via RAS suppression

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Modulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis in THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells

Transformation of macrophages to foam cells is determined by the rates of cholesterol uptake and efflux. This study uses a real time RT-PCR technique to investigate the role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the regulation of the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and liver X receptor α (LXR) genes, which are involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Accordingly, these fatty acids significantly reduced the total, free and esterified cholesterols within the foam cells. While the expression of the ABCA1 and LXRα genes was increased in the presence of the pharmacological LXRα ligand, T0901317, their mRNA expression was not significantly affected by CLA, ALA and EPA. These results suggest that although polyunsaturated fatty acids have an effect on cholesterol homeostasis, they cannot change the expression of the ABCA1 and LXRα genes. Alternatively, several other genes and proteins may be involved

Effects of Exposure to WI-FI Signals (2.45 GHz) on Serum Oxidative Stress and Single Strand DNA Breaks in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Mice

Introduction: Use of wireless devices have been increasing during the last three decades in the world. Health risks caused by exposure to these appliances has become a public concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to Wi-Fi on DNA breaks and oxidative stress parameters. Methods:16 male mice divided in 2 groups; experimental (exposed) (n=8) and the control groups (n=8). While the control group was kept not exposed to the signals&nbsp;the&nbsp;experimental group was exposed to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi signal GHz, for 8h/21 day; Single strand DNA breaks in lymphocytes were determined by using the Alkaline Comet Assay (before and after the exposure period). Oxidative stress parameters, including, catalase activity, PON1 activity, and TAC were measured (before and after the exposure period). Results: In the exposed group, it was observed an increase in single-stranded DNA break; decrease in PON1 enzyme activity also increase the catalase activity compared to before exposure to wi-fi, &nbsp;but TAC&nbsp;was not significantly different. While in the control group, none of the indicators measured at the end of the study there was no significant difference compared to 21 days ago. Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that Wi-Fi exposure can increase oxidative stress and the strand DNA break