Psychoses a l'adolescence, les neurosciences ameliorent-elles la prediction? [Adolescent psychosis, can neuroscience improve prediction?]

Developments in the field of neuroscience have created a high level of interest in the subject of adolescent psychosis, particularly in relation to prediction and prevention. As the medical practice of adolescent psychosis and its treatment is characterised by a heterogeneity which is both symptomatic and evolutive, the somewhat poor prognosis of chronic development justifies the research performed: apparent indicators of schizophrenic disorders on the one hand and specific endophenotypes on the other are becoming increasingly important. The significant progresses made on the human genome show that the genetic predetermination in current psychiatric pathologies is complex and subject to moderating effects and there is therefore significant potential for nature-nurture interactions (between the environment and the genes). The road to be followed in researching the phenotypic expression of a psychosis gene is long and winding and is susceptible to many external influences at various levels with different effects. Neurobiological, neurophysiological, neuropsychological and neuroanatomical studies help to identify endophenotypes, which allow researchers to create identifying "markers" along this winding road. The endophenotypes could make it possible to redefine the nosological categories and enhance understanding of the physiopathology of schizophrenia. In a predictive approach, large-scale retrospective and prospective studies make it possible to identify risk factors, which are compatible with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. However, the predictive value of such markers or risk indicators is not yet sufficiently developed to offer a reliable early-detection method or possible schizophrenia prevention measures. Nonetheless, new developments show promise against the background of a possible future nosographic revolution, based on a paradigm shift. It is perhaps on the basis of homogeneous endophenotypes in particular that we will be able to understand what protects against, or indeed can trigger, psychosis irrespective of the clinical expression or attempts to isolate the common genetic and biological bases according to homogeneous clinical characteristics, which have to date, proved unsuccessfu

Les enfants de parents souffrant de psychose

Les enfants de parents souffrant de psychose nous interrogent dans nos pratiques et soulèvent d'importantes questions quant à notre devoir d'intervention. Entre le respect du droit à l'autonomie de ces parents et le devoir d'assistance à ces enfants, nous sommes souvent empruntés. Ils ne sont pas nécessairement malades mais ils ont, en revanche, un risque élevé de développer une pathologie psychiatrique. La psychose est susceptible d'affecter la fonction parentale et d'avoir une incidence sur le développement de l'enfant. Nous envisageons ici de quelle manière la psychose d'un des parents est susceptible d'affecter les différentes étapes du développement de l'enfant. Les études scientifiques retrouvent des particularités dans le développement de ces enfants et identifient des facteurs de risques génétiques et environnementaux. Il existe également des facteurs protecteurs qui tempèrent le déterminisme pathogénique que nous pourrions craindre pour ces enfants. Les connaissances issues de nombreuses études longitudinales mettent en lumière des facteurs de risques peu spécifiques qui doivent, cependant, nous inciter à offrir un soutien, voire des soins à ces enfants et à leurs parents, dans une perspective préventive articulant au mieux les intérêts de l'enfant et de ses parents à travers une étroite collaboration entre psychiatres d'adultes et pédopsychiatres

Entraînement métacognitif en groupe chez des adolescents souffrant de psychose : étude de cas multiples

La formation et le maintien d'idées délirantes, qui sont des symptômes clé de la psychose, s'expliquent en partie par la présence de biais cognitifs. La faisabilité, l'adhérence au traitement, l'utilité subjective et également l'efficacité d'un entraînement métacognitif (EMC) permettant de corriger ces biais cognitifs ont été démontrées chez des adultes souffrant de schizophrénie. Par contre, aucune étude ne s'est intéressée à ces aspects dans une population adolescente atteinte de psychose. La présente étude évalue la faisabilité d'un EMC et son effet bénéfique sur les symptômes psychotiques et dépressifs, le fonctionnement social et l'estime de soi chez 5 adolescents, de 16 à 18 ans, souffrant de psychose. L'intervention effectuée est un EMC en groupe correspondant à 2x8 modules, de 45 à 60 minutes, une fois par semaine. La mesure de l'efficacité des modules emploie des échelles mesurant la sévérité de la symptomatologie psychotique, le fonctionnement social global, l'estime de soi, la dépression et la santé mentale globale. Les résultats de ces 5 patients semblent indiquer que L'EMC est praticable et efficace. Toutefois, l'adhérence au traitement est mitigée. Le calendrier des séances nécessite une adaptation selon la disponibilité des participants. Globalement, L'EMC s'accompagne d'une réduction des symptômes psychotiques et dépressifs et d'une amélioration du fonctionnement social et de l'estime de soi. En conclusion, l'EMC représente une alternative intéressante et/ou un bon complément de traitement. De futures études à plus large échelle devraient être entreprises afin de confirmer cette conclusion et étoffer les données spécifiques à cette population exclue des précédentes études sur l'EMC

Detection of cognitive impairment with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in adolescents with psychotic symptomatology.

Cognitive impairment has been identified in the early phase of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and is a major contributor to disease-related disability. While screening tools assessing cognitive impairment have been validated for adult schizophrenic populations, there is a need for brief, easily administered, standardized instruments that provide clinically relevant information for adolescents. This study examines the utility of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in identifying and quantifying neurocognitive impairment in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other serious psychiatric illnesses. 112 adolescents, including 32 healthy subjects and 80 patients, were administered the RBANS. Patients with psychotic disorders demonstrated significant impairment on the RBANS total score compared to patients with other disorders and healthy controls, but this impairment appeared somewhat less severe than is typically reported for in adult patients with schizophrenia on this measure. The RBANS appears to be sensitive in the detection of neurocognitive impairment in a psychiatric population of adolescents with psychotic symptomatology, and may therefore have utility as a clinical screening instrument and/or neurocognitive outcome measure in this population

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Remediation (CACR) in Adolescents with Psychosis or at High Risk of Psychosis.

Background: Computer assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) was demonstrated to be efficient in improving cognitive deficits in adults with psychosis. However, scarce studies explored the outcome of CACR in adolescents with psychosis or at high risk. Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of a computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) program in adolescents with psychosis or at high risk. Method: Intention to treat analyses included 32 adolescents who participated in a blinded 8-week randomized controlled trial of CACR treatment compared to computer games (CG). Cognitive abilities, symptoms and psychosocial functioning were assessed at baseline and posttreatment. Results: Improvement in visuospatial abilities was significantly greater in the CACR group than in CG. Other cognitive functions, psychotic symptoms and psychosocial functioning improved significantly, but at similar rates, in the two groups. Conclusion: CACR can be successfully administered in this population; it proved to be effective over and above CG for the most intensively trained cognitive ability

Comparisons of verbal fluency brain correlates between adults and adolescents suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A pilot study

Els projectes dâadministració electrònica són actualment el principal factor de canvi de les organitzacions públiques. Aquest canvi, que es pot considerar imparable, té implicacions importants pel que fa a la gestió i la conservació dels documents administratius generats per les tramitacions electròniques. Aquest article analitza la problemàtica metodològica, legal i cultural que es deriva de la inclusió del paradigma arxivístic en els projectes dâadministració electrònica, i també les conseqüències que pot tenir per als arxius. Finalment, proposa un conjunt de solucions metodològiques per identificar els documents electrònics amb valor evidencial, determinar-ne el cicle de vida, definir una política de preservació i crear un arxiu digital. | The projects dealing with e-government are currently the principal factor in instigating the changes taking place within the public administration. This change, which is considered unstoppable, has important implications regarding the management and conservation of administrative documents generated by electronic transactions. This article analyses the methodological, legal and cultural challenges that come about when the archives paradigm is included within e-government projects and also the consequences that this may have on the archives themselves. In conclusion the author proposes a set of methodological solutions for identifying those electronic documents with evidential value, determining their life cycle, defining a preservation policy and creating a digital archive. | Los proyectos de administración electrónica son actualmente el principal factor de cambio de las organizaciones públicas. Este cambio, que se puede considerar imparable, tiene implicaciones importantes en lo que respecta a la gestión y a la conservación de los documentos administrativos generados por las tramitaciones electrónicas. Este artículo analiza la problemática metodológica, legal y cultural que se deriva de la inclusión del paradigma archivístico en los proyectos de administración electrónica, y también las consecuencias que puede tener para los archivos. Finalmente, propone un conjunto de soluciones metodológicas para identificar los documentos electrónicos con valor evidencial, determinar su ciclo de vida, definir una política de preservación y crear un archivo digital

Increased activation in Broca's area after cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure changes in cerebral activity in patients with schizophrenia after participation in the Cognitive Remediation Program for Schizophrenia and other related disorders (RECOS). As RECOS therapists make use of problem-solving and verbal mediation techniques, known to be beneficial in the rehabilitation of dysexecutive syndromes, we expected an increased activation of frontal areas after remediation. Executive functioning and cerebral activation during a covert verbal fluency task were measured in eight patients with schizophrenia before (T1) and after (T2) 14 weeks of RECOS therapy. The same measures were recorded in eight patients with schizophrenia who did not participate in RECOS at the same intervals of time (TAU group). Increased activation in Broca's area, as well as improvements in performance of executive/frontal tasks, was observed after cognitive training. Metacognitive techniques of verbalization are hypothesized to be the main factor underlying the brain changes observed in the present study