MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO AID STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS. TIM CASE OF POLAND

Dominacija malih gospodarstava i prenapučenost stare su značajke poljoprivrede u Poljskoj. Nagle političke i ekonomske promjene 1989/90. uvođenjem slobodnog tržišta i slobodne konkurencije, prestankom subvencioniranja i smanjenjem broja zaposlenih u industriji dovele su poljoprivredu i seljačko stanovništvo u Poljskoj u nov i težak položaj. Zbog tih promjena životni standard stianovništva je pao a potrošnja hrane se smanjila. Cijene sredstrava za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju nesrazmjerno su se povećale a većina seljaka (farmera) zaposlenih u industriji izgubila je posao. Realni prihod farmera smanjio se između 1989. i 1992. za 64%. Tako su se i populacija životinja na gospodarstvu i proizvodnja mlijeka i mesa u prosjeku smanjili za 30%. Zadnje dvije godine primijenjena je određena ekonomska stabilizacija, ali budućnost poljske poljoprivrede ima nekoliko problema. Koncentracija zemlje općenito se smatra poželjnom ali bez mnogo nade za velike promjene u sljedećem desetljeću. Stoga je potrebno graditi takvu infrastrukturu u seoskim područjima koja će apsorbirati njezino nezaposleno pučanstvo. Gospodarstva za uzgoj životinja, posebna prerada životinjskih proizvoda, seoski turizam morali bi igrati važnu ulogu u takvom planiranju. Vjerojatno će u Poljskoj doći do koncentracije životinja na gospodarstvu, ali još će dugo prevladavati gospodarstva s 3-5 mliječnih krava i nekoliko krmača za proizvodnju mlijeka i svinjetine. Koje bi sisteme proizvodnje trebalo razraditi da bi ta proizvodnja donosila dobit, kako organizirati rad na uzgoju, kako prilagoditi istraživačke i obrazovne programe novoj situaciji i kako naći poljoprivredi u Poljskoj prikladno mjesto u budućoj Europi, glavna su pitanja na koja treba odgovoriti.The domination of small farms and overpopulation are old phenomena of the Polish agriculture. Political and economic sudden changes in 1989/90 by introducing free market and free competition, by removing subsidies and redusing employment in the industry put the Polish agriculture and rural population in a new and difficult position. Due to the transformation the standard of living of the population went down reducing food demand. Prices for agriculture production means went unproportionaly up and majority of part time farmer lost their industrial employment. As a result the profitability of agriculture including animal production went seriously down. Real income of farmers was reduced between 1989 to 1992 by 64 percent. Consequently population of farm animals and the production of milk and meat has been reduced by 30 percent in average. During the last two years some kind of economic stabilization has been observed but the future of Polish agriculture presents several problems. Concentration of land is generaly recognised as desirable but without much hope for great change during the next decade. Therefore it is necessary to build such infrastructure in the rural areas to absorbe the unemployed part of their population. Animal husbandry, special processing of animal products, agroturism should play important role in such planing. The concentration of farm animal population will undautably take place but for the long time farms with 3-5 dairy cows and few sows may predominate milk and pork production scene in Poland. Which production systems should be elaborated to make such animal production profitable, how to organize the breeding work how to adopt research and education programes to the new situation and how to find a suitable place for the Polish agriculture in the future Europe are the main questions to be answered

Effet du niveau alimentaire sur la production des vaches issues du croisement de la Pie Noire polonaise avec différentes souches Frisonnes

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