Nernst-Planck-Poisson Model for the Description of Behaviour of Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes at Low Analyte Concentration

All-solid-state electrodes are increasingly being used in clinical, industrial and environmental analysis. This wide range of applications requires deep theoretical description of such electrodes. This work concentrates on the development of a numerical tool for the qualitative prediction of electrochemical behaviour for solid-contact ion-selective electrodes at low analyte concentrations. For this purpose, a general approach to the description of electro-diffusion processes, namely the Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model, was applied. The results obtained from this model are verified by experimental data of lead(II)-selective electrodes based on a polymeric PVC membrane with polybenzopyrene doped with Eriochrome Black T used as the solid contact

Computer simulations of electrodiffusion problems based on Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations

A numerical procedure based on the method of lines for time-dependent electrodiffusion transport has been developed. Two types of boundary conditions (Neumann and Dirichlet) are considered. Finite difference space discretization with suitably selected weights based on a non-uniform grid is applied. Consistency of this method and the method put forward by Brumleve and Buck are analysed and compared. The resulting stiff system of ordinary differential equations is effectively solved using the RADAU5, RODAS and SEULEX integrators. The applications to selected electrochemical systems: liquid junction, bi-ionic case, ion selective electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been demonstrated. In the paper we promote the use of the full form of the Nernst-Planck and Poisson (NPP) equations, that is including explicitly the electric field as an unknown variable with no simplifications like electroneutrality or constant field assumptions. An effective method of the numerical solution of the NPP problem for arbitrary number of ionic species and valence numbers either for a steady state or a transient state is shown. The presented formulae - numerical solutions to the NPP problem - are ready to be implemented by anyone. Moreover, we make the resulting software freely available to anybody interested in using it. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Novel Strategy for Finding the Optimal Parameters of Ion Selective Electrodes

The detection limit (DL) of an analytical method determines the range of its applicability. For ion selective electrodes (ISE) used in potentiometric measurements, this parameter can vary by several orders of magnitude depending on the inner solution concentrations or the time of measurement. The detection limit of ISE can be predicted using the Nernst-Planck-Poisson model (NPP), as a general approach to the description of the time-dependent electro-diffusion processes. To find the optimal parameters, we need to formulate the inverse electro-diffusion problem. In this work, we combine the Nernst-Planck-Poisson model with the Hierarchical Genetic Strategy with real number encoding (HGS-FP). We use the HGS-FP method to approximate inner solution concentrations as well as the measuring time that provide a linear dependence of the membrane potential over the widest concentration range. We show that the HGS-FP method allows us to find the solution of the inverse problem. The presented calculations show a great future potential of the NPP method combined with the HGS-FP strategy

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of ion sensors Direct modeling and inverse problem solving using the Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model and the HGS(FP) optimization strategy

The Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model is used to numerically simulate electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). By using the Hierarchical Genetic Strategy with real number encoding (HGS(FP)) the reverse problem is solved. The NPP-HGS(FP) method allows estimation of physicochemical parameters of ISEs with plastic membranes, which is illustrated here by using NPP-HGS(FP) for obtaining the values of the diffusion coefficients of ions in the ISE membrane phase.The NPP-HGS(FP) method allows calculation of the most accurate solution of the inverse problem and can be effectively used to facilitate the process of finding the parameters for optimal ISE performance.The method presented here not only allows for interpretation of the EIS spectra but also for accounting for the mechanism of the processes occurring at the interface in terms of physicoelectrochemically valid concepts. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Breakthrough in Modeling of Electrodiffusion Processes; Continuation and Extensions of the Classical Work of Richard Buck

In 1978 Brumleve and Buck published an important paper [1] pertaining to numerical modeling of electrodiffusion. At the time their approach was not immediately recognized and followed. However, it has changed since the beginning of 21st century. The approach of Brumleve and Buck based on Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) equations is utilized to model transient behavior of various electrochemical processes. Multi-layers and reactions allow extending applications to selectivity and low detection limit with time variability, influence of parameters (ion diffusivities, membrane thickness, permittivity, rate constants), and ion interference on ion-sensor responses. Solution of NPP inverse problem allows for optimizing sensor properties and measurement environment. Conditions under which experimentally measured selectivity coefficients are true (unbiased) and detection limit is optimized are demonstrated. Impedance spectra obtained directly from NPPs are presented. Modeling durability and diagnosis of reinforced concrete is presented. Chlorides transport in concrete is modeled using NPPs and compared to other solutions

Comparison of different approaches to the description of the detection limit of ion-selective electrodes

The Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model is a general approach to the description of the electro-diffusion processes which lead to the formation of the membrane potential. It takes into consideration several parameters of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) which are ignored in simpler models. This paper presents a critical comparison between the NPP model and simpler models. The influence of different parameters on the detection limit of ISEs is discussed. This is achieved by comparing direct predictions of the models and, in contrast to any earlier treatment, by inverse modelling. This makes it possible to simultaneously find out which set of physical parameters of the system will produce the desired detection limit. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Regional variability of imaging biomarkers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease

Major imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease include amyloid deposition [imaged with [(11)C]Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET], altered glucose metabolism (imaged with [(18)F]fluro-deoxyglucose PET), and structural atrophy (imaged by MRI). Recently we published the initial subset of imaging findings for specific regions in a cohort of individuals with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. We now extend this work to include a larger cohort, whole-brain analyses integrating all three imaging modalities, and longitudinal data to examine regional differences in imaging biomarker dynamics. The anatomical distribution of imaging biomarkers is described in relation to estimated years from symptom onset. Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutation carrier individuals have elevated PiB levels in nearly every cortical region 15 y before the estimated age of onset. Reduced cortical glucose metabolism and cortical thinning in the medial and lateral parietal lobe appeared 10 and 5 y, respectively, before estimated age of onset. Importantly, however, a divergent pattern was observed subcortically. All subcortical gray-matter regions exhibited elevated PiB uptake, but despite this, only the hippocampus showed reduced glucose metabolism. Similarly, atrophy was not observed in the caudate and pallidum despite marked amyloid accumulation. Finally, before hypometabolism, a hypermetabolic phase was identified for some cortical regions, including the precuneus and posterior cingulate. Additional analyses of individuals in which longitudinal data were available suggested that an accelerated appearance of volumetric declines approximately coincides with the onset of the symptomatic phase of the disease