Humanity\u27s Addiction: A Comparison of the Enivornmental Impacts of Cane Sugar and Corn Syrup

The production of sugar has changed in the twenty-first century from natural cane sugar to high fructose corn syrup. In light of climate change, and creating a sustainable environment, which sweet substance is more sustainable while still being able to keep up with global sugar demand? Through the analysis of scholarly articles and books, the impacts these sweeteners have on the environment can be studied to generate a conclusion. Cane sugar and high-fructose corn syrup both produce large amount carbon emissions and degrade the environment, so the answer may be to produce and consume less sugar as a whole

Alien Registration- Jarvi, Kalle (Bangor, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/11917/thumbnail.jp

Contracts—Promissory Estoppel—Forbearance

The Washington court in Weitman v. Grange Ins. Ass\u27n., enforced a gratuitious promise by a promisor-insurer that it would notify the promisee-insured of any lapse or termination in his insurance coverage

Editor\u27s Notes

Previewing the symposium commemorating Justice Douglas\u27s twenty-fifth year on the Supreme Court of the United States

Effectice Representation—An Evasive Substantive Notion Masquerading as Procedure

Recent cases show an increasing judicial concern with the right to counsel for an indigent accused. This concern flows from the constitutional requirement of a fair trial for every accused, and has culminated with Gideon v. Wainright, establishing the right to counsel in the state courts in all cases. Concommitantly, a related concept of effective representation has acquired momentum. It dates from the language of Powell v. Alabama. This latter concept encompasses answers to the question of what amounts to competent and/or effective counsel. The answers to the question have proved to be delicate and shifting in emphasis from concern about competency of counsel to a broader concern about effective representation

MA

thesisNovel second language (L2) phonemic contrasts are difficult for learners to perceive and produce. Yet research has shown that even difficult L2 phonemic contrasts can be learned under some circumstances. Most of this research has been done in laboratory settings, using tasks that do not closely resemble natural communication. Among other characteristics, natural communication differs from these laboratory tasks in that (1) lexical access is usually not required in the laboratory tasks, and (2) target words in laboratory tasks are usually not embedded in meaningful linguistic context. This thesis describes an experiment designed to test whether these two characteristics of natural communication make it more difficult for learners to perceive L2 phonemic contrasts. The results of this experiment show that both requiring lexical access and embedding target words in meaningful linguistic context reduce the L2 learners' ability to use phonemic contrasts to distinguish L2 minimal pairs, but that processing meaningful linguistic context affects L2 perception more than does lexical access

ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SUGAR MAPLE ROOTS TO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The severity of future climate change resulting from anthropogenic alteration of the global C cycle will depend in part on feedbacks between atmospheric greenhouse gases and forest ecosystem carbon balance, but how these two systems will interact is not entirely understood. Forests are both major sinks and sources for atmospheric CO2 through the processes of photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration. The balance between these two processes could be altered if autotrophic respiration were to increase exponentially with temperature as climate warms. Root respiration, and especially fineroot respiration (\u3c1 mm diameter), is a major contributor to total ecosystem C exchange. A study to assess long-term responses of root respiration to warmer soil conditions was conducted at the SMART (sugar maple altered rainfall and temperature) experiment located in Alberta, MI at the Michigan Technological University’s Ford Center and Forest. It was found that acclimation of fine-root respiration in this system was not due to an insufficient supply of carbohydrates from photosynthesis (substrate limitation), but was the result of adenylate control. As a result, fine root respiration was constrained to levels needed to perform work required of the fine roots (e.g. nutrient acquisition). Acclimation also occurred for roots 1-2 mm in diameter at the 0-10 cm soil depth, but not in any roots larger than 2 mm or in roots of any size at deeper soil depths. As a result, at the ecosystem level, total root system respiration was 60% greater in warmed soil than in unwarmed soil. The studies in experimentally warmed sugar maple forests were complemented by an examination of fine-root respiration and root biomass at sixteen sugar maple forests located across a latitudinal gradient across sugar maple’s native range, spanning approximately 10°C of mean annual temperature. Sugar maple in the southern, warmer sites had lower root N, lower specific fine-root respiration at a given temperature, and less fine-root biomass than that from the northern cooler regions. Fine root respiration at ambient soil temperature actually decreased from north to south, despite a nearly 10°C increase in soil temperature. However, within sites respiration measured across three sample dates did increase with temperature. The next big question is whether these adjustments that exist across sugar maple’s range are plastic responses to l local climate or result from genotypic differences among populations in different locations. If the former is true, all sugar maple would be capable of acclimation, reduction in root biomass, and/or reduction in root N as mechanisms for dealing with climatic warming, and sugar maple would have a large capacity to adjust to future climate change. The latter would suggest that predicted rates of climatic warming could have negative impacts on this important species across its entire current range. The lack of changes in fine root biomass and root N concentration at the SMART study location after four plus years of soil warming support the possibility that differences along the latitudinal transect are largely the result of inherent genetic differences among population

The effects of a changing climate on root respiration of woody plants in sugar maple forests and northern peatlands

Global climate change might significantly impact future ecosystems. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate potential changes in woody plant fine root respiration in response to a changing climate. In a sugar maple dominated northern hardwood forest, the soil was experimentally warmed (+4 °C) to determine if the tree roots could metabolically acclimate to warmer soil conditions. After one and a half years of soil warming, there was an indication of slight acclimation in the fine roots of sugar maple, helping the ecosystem avoid excessive C loss to the atmosphere. In a poor fen northern peatland in northern Michigan, the impacts of water level changes on woody plant fine root respiration were investigated. In areas of increased and also decreased water levels, there were increases in the CO2 efflux from ecosystem fine root respiration. These studies show the importance of investigating further the impacts climate change may have on C balance in northern ecosystems