Human visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiological, temporal and spacial aspects in Northeast Brazil, 2003-2017

Visceral leishmaniasis is a highly lethal zoonosis transmitted by a sandfly. It is caused by a Leishmania protozoan parasite and dogs are the main reservoir. Ceara State is endemic to visceral leishmaniasis and it is considered a high risk transmission area. Temporal and spatial epidemiological studies have been used as tools to analyze the distribution and frequency of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). This study aimed to characterize HVL in its epidemiological andtemporal aspects in Ceara State, from 2003 to 2017, as this is a neglected disease and a public health problem. This is an ecological study carried out with HVL confirmed cases in Ceara, using three blocks of years (2003 to 2007, 2008 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017). The disease presented an endemic behavior, affecting mainly male residents in the urban area, especially children under five and young adults between 30 and 49 years old. HVL is recorded in all the municipalities, for more than 10 years, with a growing trend and territorial expansion to the Central and Eastern regions of the State. The results of this study indicated the increase in the incidence and lethality, as well as the expansion of leishmaniasis in Ceara State

Leishmaniose visceral: distribuição temporal e espacial em Fortaleza, Ceará, 2007-2017

Objective. To analyze the temporal trend and describe the spatial distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Fortaleza from 2007 to 2017. Methods. Ecological study using segmented temporal regression and spatial distribution. Results. Between 2007-2017, 1,660 new cases and 97 deaths were confirmed. The incidence was ascending (Annual Percent Change (APC)=8.7% – 95%CI -3.3;34.1), but descending mortality and lethality: APC=-25.9 (95%CI -48.5;-10.6) and APC=-33.0 (95%CI -53.7;-17.6), respectively. From 2010-2015 the incidence decreased (APC=-15.8 – 95%CI – -25.1;-4.0), but mortality (APC=18.7 – 95%CI 9.4;50.6) and lethality (APC=40.1 – 95%CI 22.5;72.0) had an upward trend. In 2015-2017, decreased incidence (APC=-24.6 – 95%CI -36.2;-10.3), and mortality (APC=-44.6 – 95%CI -58.8;-17,6) lethality remained stable (APC=-13.5 – 95%CI -38.7;3.8). High incidence neighborhoods were clustered in the western region, however, mortality and lethality did not present defined spatial patterns. Conclusion. VL is endemic in Fortaleza, although there has been a decline in the last three years studied.Objetivo. Analisar a tendência temporal e descrever a distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em Fortaleza, 2007-2017. Métodos. Estudo ecológico, mediante regressão temporal segmentada e mapeamento temático. Resultados. No período 2007-2017, foram confirmados 1.660 casos novos e 97 óbitos. No período 2007-2010, a incidência foi ascendente (variação percentual anual [Annual Percent Change], APC=8,7% – IC95% -3,3;34,1), enquanto a mortalidade (APC=-25,9 – IC95% -48,5;-10,6) e a letalidade (APC=-33,0 – IC95% -53,7;-17,6), descendentes. No período 2010-2015, a incidência reduziu-se (APC=-15,8 – IC95% -25,1;-4,0) mas a mortalidade (APC=18,7 – IC95% 9,4;50,6) e a letalidade (APC=40,1 – IC95% 22,5;72,0) apresentaram tendência de crescimento. Em 2015-2017, decresceram a incidência (APC=-24,6 – IC95% -36,2;-10,3), e a mortalidade (APC=-44,6 – IC95% -58,8;-17,6), a letalidade se manteve estável (APC=-13,5 – IC95% -38,7;3,8). Houve concentração de bairros com incidência elevada na região oeste da cidade; porém, a mortalidade e a letalidade não apresentaram padrões espaciais definidos. Conclusão. A LV é endêmica em Fortaleza, embora tenha havido declínio no último triênio estudado

evaluation of performance and quality of eggs from laying trade, subject to diets based on sorghum, soybeans

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorO experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da substituiÃÃo do milho pelo sorgo, com e sem a adiÃÃo de um pigmentante natural, em dietas para poedeiras, sobre o desempenho e qualidade do ovo. Cento e sessenta poedeiras da linhagem Hy-Line, com quarenta e sete semanas de idade, foram alojadas num delineamento inteiramente casualisado com quatro repetiÃÃes de oito aves, totalizando trinta e duas aves por tratamento. As dietas foram isoenergÃticas, isoprotÃicas e isoaminoacÃdicas, formuladas à base de milho, sorgo e farelo de soja, suplementadas ou nÃo com pigmentante natural. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de milho como cereal energÃtico; T2 â raÃÃo contendo 50% de milho e 50% de sorgo sem pigmentante natural; T3 â raÃÃo contendo 50% de milho e 50% de sorgo com pigmentante natural; T4 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de sorgo sem pigmentante natural; T5 â raÃÃo contendo 100% de sorgo com pigmentante natural. O experimento teve a duraÃÃo de cento e doze dias, divididos em quatro perÃodos de vinte e oito dias. As variÃveis estudadas foram: desempenho zootÃcnico â percentagem de postura (ave/dia), consumo de raÃÃo (g/ave/dia), conversÃo alimentar (kg de raÃÃo/kg de ovo) e peso do ovo (g); qualidade do ovo â percentagem de casca, percentagem de albÃmen, percentagem de gema e coloraÃÃo da gema e; custo de produÃÃo. A anÃlise de variÃncia dos dados mostrou que a percentagem de postura foi significativamente menor (P<0,05) na raÃÃo com 100% de sorgo e pigmentante natural (T5), quando comparada com os demais tratamentos. Quanto à coloraÃÃo da gema do ovo, a raÃÃo com 100% de milho apresentou pigmentaÃÃo superior (P<0,05), quando comparado com as dietas com 50% e 100% de sorgo sem o pigmentante. AlÃm disso, a coloraÃÃo da gema do ovo foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) nos tratamentos com 50 e 100% de sorgo com o pigmentante, em relaÃÃo ao tratamento controle. O custo de produÃÃo mostrou que o sorgo pode substituir totalmente o milho, desde que se reduza o nÃvel de pigmentante na dieta. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a substituiÃÃo parcial e total do milho por sorgo nÃo afeta as caracterÃsticas de desempenho (exceto a percentagem de postura) e qualidade do ovo das poedeiras e a inclusÃo do pigmentante natural nas dietas com sorgo contornou o problema da pigmentaÃÃo da gema do ovo.The experiment was designed to study the effect of the substitution of the corn for sorghum, with and without addition of a natural pigment, in diets for lying hens, on performance and quality of the egg. One hundred and sixty Hy-Line White Leghorns hens with 47 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions of eight birds, totalizing 32 birds per treatment. The diets were isoenergetics, isoproteics and isoaminoacidics, based on corn, soybean meal and sorghum, supplemented or not with natural pigmentant. The reatments were: T1 - diet with 100% of corn as energy cereal; T2 - diet with 50% of corn and 50% of sorghum without natural pigment; T3 - diet with 50% of maize and 50% of sorghum with natural pigment; T4 - diet with 100% of sorghum without natural pigment; T5 - diet with 100% of sorghum with natural pigment. The experiment was held for 112 days divided in four periods of 28 days each. The ariables studied were: performance â egg production (% hen/day), feed intake (g/bird per day), feed: gain ratio (kg feed/kg egg) and egg weight (g); Quality egg â eggshell (%), egg-albumen (%), egg-yolk (%) and yolk color (fan Roche); feed cost. Analysis of variance showed that the egg production was significantly lesser (P<0,05) in the diet with 100% of sorghum with natural pigment, when compared to the other treatments. How much to the pigmentation of the egg yolk, T1 diet presented highest pigmentation (P<0,05), when compared with T2 and T4. Moreover, the pigmentation of the egg-yolk was significantly highest (P<0,05) in the T3 in relation to the T2, as well as in the T5 in relation to the T4. The production cost suggested that the replacement for 100% of corn by sorghum and addition of natural pigment increased the production cost of one kilogram of egg, with good acceptance of consuming market. In conclusion, the partial and total substitution of the corn for sorghum did not affect the characteristics of performance (except egg production), and egg quality of lying hens and the inclusion of the natural pigment in the rations with sorghum skirted the problem of the pigmentation egg yolk

Desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais, alimentadas com dietas contendo sorgo e páprica em substituição ao milho - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v29i2.220

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the substitution of the corn for sorghum, with or without supplementation of paprika, as natural pigment, in the diets of laying hens. The experiment was conducted with 160 Hy- Line W36 layer hens (47 weeks of age), kept in cages of 25 cm, distributed in a completely randomized design, with eight birds and four replications. The control diet was on a corn and soybean meal base and the other diets had 50 or 100% of substitution of corn by sorghum, low tannin. The paprika, when supplemented, was added in 500 g t-1 or 1,000 g t-1. to the ration of low or high sorghum levels, respectively. The substitution of the corn by sorghum did not affect the performance of laying hens, but decreased the yolk pigmentation. When the natural pigment was added, in both dosages, the yolk pigmentation was higher than that obtained from the control diet, but the level of 1,000 g t-1. reduced the performance of layers.Para estudar o efeito da substituição do milho pelo sorgo, com ou sem a adição do pigmento natural, páprica, na ração de poedeiras comerciais, 160 poedeiras Hy-Line W36, (47 semanas de idade), distribuídas ao acaso, em duas aves por gaiola de 25 cm, divididas em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições de oito aves cada, foram utilizadas. A ração controle foi à base de milho e farelo de soja e as demais substituíram o milho pelo sorgo, de baixo tanino, na proporção de 50 ou 100%. A páprica, quando adicionada, foi em 500 g t-1 e 1.000 g t-1 para os níveis de sorgo de 50 e 100%, respectivamente. A substituição do milho por sorgo não afetou o desempenho na postura, mas reduziu a pigmentação da gema. A coloração da gema, com a adição do pigmento natural, em ambas dosagens, foi superior ao controle, porém a dosagem de 1.000 g t-1 reduziu a postura

Integration of human rabies surveillance and preventive measures in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil

Aim: To analyze the One Health approach regarding rabies surveillance, control, and prevention in Brazil’s Ceará State, exemplified by a detailed description of rabies cases that occurred over 18 years.Methods: We described in depth the history, case development, surveillance, and prevention measures of all cases of human rabies, 2004-2021. We analyzed patient charts and reviewed technical reports of the State Health Secretariat, in addition to analysis of personal notes from field missions.Results: All six cases occurred in rural areas. The affected people came from resource-poor communities. The state rapid response team performed comprehensive actions and seminars in collaboration with the Municipal Health Secretariats and other stakeholder groups. Patients and their relatives were not aware about the risk of wildlife-mediated rabies. A high number of wild animals (marmosets) kept as pets were collected in the communities. Only one patient presented at a primary health care center before the onset of symptoms but did not receive any post-exposure prophylaxis due to logistic problems. Even after onset of symptoms, in all cases, the suspected diagnosis was not rabies at first. In four cases, transmission occurred by marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), one by a hematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus), and another by a domestic dog, though the identified viral strain was sylvatic. All patients died.Conclusion: Rabies in Ceará is a wildlife-mediated disease of the most vulnerable rural populations. There is a need for ongoing integrated surveillance and control measures, information and education campaigns, and professional training, especially focusing on wildlife-mediated rabies. An integrated One Health approach - as exemplified by the presented rabies control program in Ceará - is critical for human rabies elimination

West Nile Virus in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil

In June 2019, a horse with neurological disorder was diagnosed with West Nile virus (WNV) in Boa Viagem, a municipality in the state of Ceará, northeast Brazil. A multi-institutional task force coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health was deployed to the area for case investigation. A total of 513 biological samples from 78 humans, 157 domestic animals and 278 free-ranging wild birds, as well as 853 adult mosquitoes of 22 species were tested for WNV by highly specific serological and/or molecular tests. No active circulation of WNV was detected in vertebrates or mosquitoes by molecular methods. Previous exposure to WNV was confirmed by seroconversion in domestic birds and by the detection of specific neutralizing antibodies in 44% (11/25) of equids, 20.9% (14/67) of domestic birds, 4.7% (13/278) of free-ranging wild birds, 2.6% (2/78) of humans, and 1.5% (1/65) of small ruminants. Results indicate that not only equines but also humans and different species of domestic animals and wild birds were locally exposed to WNV. The detection of neutralizing antibodies for WNV in free-ranging individuals of abundant passerine species suggests that birds commonly found in the region may have been involved as amplifying hosts in local transmission cycles of WNV