The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles

As policymakers, academia, and the media have paid increased attention to the Arctic region, there is more evidence of a certain lack of knowledge concerning the applicable international law. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of December 10, 1982--adopted in 1982 and in force since November 16, 1994--provides both a legal framework within which all activities in oceans and seas must be carried out and, as far as the seabed of the Arctic Ocean international law is concerned, answers to questions related to its legal status and applicable regulations. If a coastal State wishes to delineate its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, it has to submit relevant data and information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, an expert body established under the Convention. The Commission issues recommendations, and the limits based on the recommendations of that Commission are final and binding. In the Arctic region, only two coastal States so far have made submissions to the Commission--the Russian Federation and Norway. The Commission issued recommendations to both; in the case of the Central Arctic Ocean, it recommended that the Russian Federation make a revised submission. Due to the fact that the other three coastal States of the Arctic Ocean--Canada, Denmark, and the United States--have yet to make their submissions (the United States is still not party to the Convention), and taking into account the workload of the Commission, the delineation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles and related delimitation of maritime boundaries between States will take many years to finalize

Diseño de rutas y paradas óptimas para el tranporte público de pasajeros

Tesis (Lic. en Ciencias de la Computación)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, 2015.En este trabajo se estudia el problema de diseñar una nueva línea de colectivo para un sistema de transporte urbano masivo de pasajeros dado, con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia total del sistema. Para ello se considera el grafo de las calles de una ciudad y las líneas ya existentes. Se generan algunas rutas posibles entre algunos pares origen-destino mediante una estategia de búsqueda que combina el algoritmo de busqueda A* y el algoritmo de Búsqueda en Profundidad (Deep First Search). Se utiliza un modelo de afectación de tráfico para determinar el equilibrio de usuario de Wardrop. Este último se escribe como un problema de optimización de una función cóncava sobre un conjunto convexo, el cual es resuelto con el método de gradiente proyectado. Para realizar el presente trabajo se utilizaron datos reales de un sector de la ciudad de Córdoba: algunas de sus calles y las líneas de colectivos existentes a la fecha. En particular se intentó mejorar la eficiencia del sistema con respecto al acceso a las dependencias de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.In this work the problem of designing a new bus line for a given system of mass urban passenger transport, with the aim of improving the overall system efficiency, is studied. For that is considered the graph of the streets of a city and its existing lines. Some possible routes between some source-destination pairs are generated by a search strategy that combines the A* search algorithm and Deep First Search. A model of traffic affectation is used to determine the Wardrop user balance. The latter is written as an optimization problem of a concave function on a convex set, which is solved with the projected gradient method. To make this work, real data from a sector of the city of Cordoba were used: some of its streets and existing lines at the date. In particular it sought to improve the efficiency of the system with respect to access to the offices of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Study

Background and Purpose: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common lower extremity disorders reported, with a higher prevalence among females and in active individuals. While quadriceps strengthening has generally been the chosen treatment approach, some studies have pointed to the importance and influence of the hip musculature. Patients with PFPS commonly present with decreased posterolateral strength, specifically in the hip abductors, hip extensors, and hip external rotators. Case Description: The patient was a 13-year-old thin-framed female who was referred to physical therapy after dislocating her right patella during a twisting motion in dance class. Interventions: Based on the patient\u27s diagnosis and examination findings, a plan of care was developed to address the patient\u27s impairments and functional limitations with a focus on proximal hip musculature strengthening. Outcomes: The patient demonstrated improvements in clinically meaningful impairments, including knee ROM, lower extremity strength and flexibility, proprioceptive awareness, and overall function. Discussion/Conclusion: This case report describes the rehabilitation process of a young female patient with PFPS who responded well to a strengthening program with the primary focus on hip musculature strengthening. Positive results were achieved in this case without focus on commonly used intervention strategies. These results support recent research that has shown proximal hip musculature strengthening in patients with PFPS to be superior and more efficient than historically used treatment approaches

Production, characterization and application of proteases from Bacillus sp.

Orientador: Hélia Harumi SatoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Proteases bacterianas são enzimas de elevada importância comercial, amplamente aplicadas em diversas áreas como nas indústrias de detergentes, de alimentos, farmacêutica e têxtil. Este trabalho teve como principais objetivos selecionar entre 59 linhagens de Bacillus sp., da coleção de culturas do Laboratório de Bioquímica de Alimentos da FEA, aquelas que apresentam potencial de maior produção de proteases com características tais como estabilidade em diferentes condições de temperatura, pH, detergentes e solventes orgânicos, atividade em ampla faixa de pH e capacidade de lisar células de Xanthomonas campestris. Em seguida, visou-se otimizar a produção de proteases pela linhagem selecionada, determinar as características bioquímicas da protease parcialmente purificada e estudar a aplicação do extrato enzimático bruto e preparação parcialmente purificada. Entre as cinquenta e nove linhagens de Bacillus sp. testadas foram selecionadas nove linhagens que produziram maior atividade de proteases. A produção de protease pelas nove linhagens foi testada em frascos agitados contendo o meio de cultura nº 1 (10g/L de caseína, 1g/L de extrato de levedura e sais), meio nº 2 (35 g/L de melaço de cana de açúcar, 20g/L de água de maceração de milho, 3g/L de extrato de levedura Prodex-Lac SD® e 20g/L de soro de queijo), e por fermentação em meio sólido nº 3 (farelo de trigo e água, na proporção 1:1, m:m). As linhagens de Bacillus sp. LBA 07, Bacillus sp. LBA 46 e Bacillus sp. LBA 08 fermentadas nos meios de cultura nº 1, nº 2 e nº 3 produziram 222 U/mL, 548 U/mL e 13480 U/grama de substrato seco (gss) respectivamente. As proteases dos extratos enzimáticos brutos obtidos das nove linhagens fermentadas nos três meios de cultura apresentaram atividade ótima na faixa de pH 7 a 9 e 60° C, estabilidade na faixa de pH 5 a 9 por 24h a 4º C , e após 1 h de tratamento a 50° C. Entre os extratos enzimáticos brutos de proteases testados, aqueles obtidas da fermentação de Bacillus sp. LBA 46 nos três meios de cultura foram as mais estáveis em detergente Ariel®. Quando incubadas em solventes orgânicos alguns extratos enzimáticos brutos proteases mantiveram mais de 60% de atividade residual após 24h em acetona (Bacillus sp. LBA 8 e 44), hexano (Bacillus sp. LBA 19, 29, 44, 46 e 60), clorofórmio (Bacillus sp. LBA 44 and 60) e etanol (Bacillus sp. LBA 60). Os extratos enzimáticos brutos de proteases obtidos do cultivo da linhagem de Bacillus sp. LBA 46 nos meios n° 2 e n° 3 foram as mais eficientes na lise de células de Xanthomonas campestris, aumentando cerca de 30% a transmitância a 620 nm (Trans 620nm) do meio fermentado de goma xantana. A linhagem de Bacillus sp. LBA 46 foi selecionada como melhor produtora de protease e estudos preliminares de identificação biomolecular indicam que se trata de uma linhagem de Bacillus licheniformis. Utilizando-se a linhagem de Bacillus sp LBA 46 e o meio de cultura otimizado (meio n° 4) por metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR), composto de 40g/L de melaço de cana de açúcar, 6g/L de água de maceração de milho, 2g/L de extrato de levedura Prodex-Lac SD® e 20g/L de soro de queijo, foi obtido 3000 U/mL de protease após 96h de fermentação a 30° C e 200 rpm. No estudo da aplicação da enzima para a remoção de manchas de tecidos de algodão foram obtidos melhores resultados de remoção de manchas de sangue e molho de tomate com carne moída, utilizando-se a combinação de extrato bruto de protease (100 ou 1000U) com o detergente Omo®. O extrato enzimático bruto da linhagem de Bacillus sp. LBA 46 foi parcialmente purificado por fracionamento com sulfato de amônio (80% de saturação), diálise e cromatografia de filtração em gel (Sephadex G100), resultando em fator de purificação de 3,69. Após caracterização com MSR observou-se que a protease da preparação parcialmente purificada apresentou atividade ótima a 55° C e pH 7,5 e considerável estabilidade (95% de atividade residual) na faixa de pH 5,7 ¿ 9,3 após 1h de incubação a 30 ¿ 36° C, e acima de 78,9% quando incubadas por 1h em pH 7,5 e 50° C. A condição ótima de lise das células de X. campestris do meio fermentado de goma xantana utilizando-se o extrato enzimático bruto de protease e a preparação parcialmente purificada de proteases, foi observada utilizando 42 U de protease /mL de suspensão celular de X. campestris a 60° C, resultando em aumento de mais de 20% da Trans 620nm do meio fermentado de goma xantana. Um aumento de quase 40% de Trans 600nm foi observado após 2h de reação utilizando extrato enzimático bruto de protease (42 U de protease/mL de suspensão celular de X. campestris) a 65° C. A produção de proteases de Bacillus sp. LBA 46 por fermentação em estado sólido foi otimizada utilizando MSR, sendo obtido 5000 U/grama de substrato seco utilizando-se meio de cultura composto de farelo de trigo e água (60%:40%) após 96h de fermentação a 30° CAbstract: Proteases are commercially relevant enzymes widely applied in several industrial areas, such as in detergent, food, pharmaceutical and textile industries. Proteases from Bacillus sp. can present advantages compared to the proteases from other sources, including better thermostability, stability in pH range from slightly acid to alkaline pH values and stability in organic solvents. The aims of this work were selecting Bacillus sp. strains with capability of producing proteases with better biochemical properties, such as stability in different conditions of temperature, pH, detergents and organic solvents, activity in a wide range of pH and capability of lysing cells of Xanthomonas campestris. Afterwards, it was aimed the optimization of the production of proteases by the selected Bacillus sp. strain and the determination of the biochemical characteristics of the partially purified protease and the application of the crude and partially purified protease. Nine Bacillus sp. strains were selected as the best protease producers among fifty nine Bacillus sp. strains tested. The protease production by the nine strains was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks containing medium no. 1 (10g /L of casein, 1g/L of yeast extract and salts), medium no. 2 (35 g/L of sugar cane molasses, 20g/L corn steep liquor, 3g/L of yeast extract Prodex-Lac SD® and 20g/L of dried whey), e by fermentation using solid substrate medium no. 3 (wheat bran and water, 1:1, m:m). The strains Bacillus sp. LBA 07, Bacillus sp. LBA 46 and Bacillus sp. LBA 08 when fermented in medium no. 1, no. 2 e no. 3 produced 222 U/mL, 545 U/mL and 13480 U/gram of dried substrate (gds) respectively. Proteases from the crude enzymatic extracts obtained from the fermentation of the nine Bacillus sp. strains in the three media showed optimal activity in pH range 7-9 and 60° C, stability in pH range 5-9 for 24 hours at 4° C and after 1h at 50° C. The protease preparations from the fermentation of Bacillus sp. LBA 46 in the three media were the most stable when incubated in detergent Ariel®, among the proteases tested from the Bacillus sp. strains. In addition, some proteases presented more than 60% residual activity after 24h in the organic solvents acetone (Bacillus sp. LBA 8 and 44), hexane (Bacillus sp. LBA 19, 29, 44, 46 and 60), chloroform (Bacillus sp. LBA 44 and 60) and ethanol (Bacillus sp. LBA 60). The protease preparations obtained from the cultivation of Bacillus sp. LBA 46 in medium no. 2 and no. 3 presented the best results on the lysis of Xanthomonas campestris cells, resulting in an increase of approximately 30% in transmittance at 620 nm (Trans 620nm) of the fermented broth of xanthan. Bacillus sp. LBA 46 strain was selected as the best protease producer and after preliminary biomolecular analysis of identification, the results indicate that this microorganism correspond to a Bacillus licheniformis strain. Protease preparation containing 3000 U/mL was obtained from Bacillus sp. LBA 46 cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing medium no. 4 composed of 40g/L of sugar cane molasses, 6g/L of corn steep liquor, 2g/L of yeast extract Prodex-Lac SD® and 20 g/L of dried whey after 96h of fermentation at 30° C and 200 rpm, optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). In the the washing tests, the best results of the removal of blood and tomato sauce with ground beef stains from cotton fabrics were observed using the combination of crude extract of protease (100 or 1000U) with detergent Omo®. Crude protease extract of the Bacillus sp. LBA strain was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation (80% saturation), dialysis and gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G100), resulting in the purification fold of 3.69. After characterization with RSM it was observed that the crude protease extract and partially purified proteases presented optimal activity at 55° C and pH 7.5 and considerable stability (95% of residual activity) in pH range 5.7 ¿ 9.3 after 1h incubation at 30-36° C and more than 78.9% when incubated at pH 7.5 and 50 °C for 1h. The optimal conditions of the lysis of X. campestris cells contained in the fermentation broth using crude and partially purified protease preparations were observed using 42 U of protease/mL of cell suspension of X. campestris at 60° C, resulting in a increase of more than 20% in Trans 620 nm of the fermented broth of xanthan. It was observed an increase of almost 40% in Trans 620 nm after 2h reaction using crude protease (42 U de protease/mL of cell suspension of X. campestris) at 65° C. The production of proteases by Bacillus sp. LBA 46 under solid state fermentation was optimized using RSM, resulting in 5000 U/gram of dry substrate utilizing wheat bran and water (6g:4g) after 96h of fermentation at 30° CDoutoradoCiência de AlimentosDoutor em Ciência de Alimento

An Optimal Incentive System For Real Estate Agents

This article presents an alternative system for selling real estate. It overcomes the well-known deficiencies of the percentage commission system. In our system, the agent purchases the property from the seller and simultaneously receives a put option. The put option gives the agent the right to put the property back to the original owner. It is shown that this system has many of the desirable properties of a dealer system, while avoiding some of the problems that are inherent in that system.

Analysis of Simulation Methods for Far-end Crosstalk Cancellation

The information capacity of current digital subscriber lines is limited mainly by a crosstalk in metallic cables. The influence of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) can be well cancelled by frequency duplex method, but the elimination of far-end crosstalk (FEXT) is not so easy. Therefore FEXT is the dominant source of disturbance in current digital subscriber lines (xDSL). One of the most promising solutions for far-end crosstalk cancellation is Vectored Discrete Multi-tone modulation (VDMT). For the testing of VDMT modulation efficiency it will be necessary to implement advanced methods for modeling of far-end crosstalk to obtain required predictions of the crosstalk behavior in a cable. The actual simple FEXT model is not very accurate and does not provide realistic results. That is why the new method for modeling of far-end crosstalk was developed and is presented in this paper. This advanced model is based on the capacitive and inductive unbalances between pairs in a cable and it also respects the cable’s internal structure. The results of the model are subsequently used for the simulation of VDMT modulation and its impact on the FEXT cancellation. These simulations are based on the estimations of transmission speed of VDSL2 lines with VDMT modulation

Student Recital: Terryl Jares, Violin; Beverly Pauli, Piano; April 20, 1975

Centennial East Recital HallSunday AfternoonApril 20, 19752:00 p.m

Student Recital: Debbie Perry, Violin; Terry Jares, Violin; May 9, 1974

Hayden AuditoriumThursday EveningMay 9, 19748:15 p.m