12 research outputs found
SmartTags: IoT Product Passport for Circular Economy Based on Printed Sensors and Unique Item-Level Identifiers
In this paper, we present a method that facilitates Internet of Things (IoT) for
building a product passport and data exchange enabling the next stage of the circular economy.
SmartTags based on printed sensors (i.e., using functional ink) and a modified GS1 barcode standard
enable unique identification of objects on a per item-level (including Fast-Moving Consumer
Goods—FMCG), collecting, sensing, and reading of parameters from environment as well as tracking
a products’ lifecycle. The developed ontology is the first effort to define a semantic model for
dynamic sensors, including datamatrix and QR codes. The evaluation of decoding and readability
of identifiers (QR codes) showed good performance for detection of sensor state printed over and
outside the QR code data matrix, i.e., the recognition ability with image vision algorithm was possible.
The evaluation of the decoding performance of the QR code data matrix printed with sensors was
also efficient, i.e., the QR code ability to be decoded with the reader after reversible and irreversible
process of ink (dis)appearing was preserved, with slight drop in performance if ink density is low