Utilization of Organic Nitrogen by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae in Soil - Zooming into the Hyphosphere Microbiome

Oral Session

3D Scanning, Control and Measurement of Parts after 3D Printing

Bakalářská práce se zabývá laserovým 3D skenováním a jeho konkrétní aplikací. V úvodní části jsou vysvětleny principy skenování a s ním související pojmy. Následuje obecné rozdělení skenerů dle využívané technologie skenování. V další části se práce věnuje měření konkrétního prototypu, následné úpravě a zpracování dat získaných 3D skenerem. V poslední části se nachází vyhodnocení nasnímaných dat na základě stanovené tolerance a porovnání prototypu vytištěného na 3D tiskárně se vzorovým CAD modelem.Bachelor thesis deals with 3D laser scanning and its application. The introduction part explains basic principles of scanning and involved terms. Next part describes general distribution of scanners by the technology of scanning. Third part of thesis deals with mesurement of 3D printed prototype, adjustment and elaboration of data. Last part contains evaluation and comparison of scanned data with CAD model.346 - Katedra obrábění, montáže a strojírenské metrologievýborn

Phosphorus Acquisition Strategies within Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community of a Single Field Site

Diversity in phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies was assessed among eight isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belonging to three Glomus species, all obtained from the same field site. Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Corso) was used as a test plant. Compartmented cultivation containers coupled with 33P radioisotope labeling of soil P were employed to estimate (1) the distance from the roots that AMF were able to acquire soil P from, (2) the rate of soil colonization, (3) the efficiency of uptake of soil P by AMF, (4) benefits provided to maize in terms of P acquisition and growth. Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices took up P 10cm from roots, whereas G. claroideum only up to 6cm from the roots. G. mosseae most rapidly colonized the available soil volume and transported significant amounts of P to maize from a distance, but provided no net P uptake benefit to the plants. On the other hand, both G. intraradices and three out of four G. claroideum isolates significantly improved net P uptake by maize. These effects seem to be related to variability between and to a limited extent also within AMF species, in mycelium development, efficiency of hyphal P uptake and effects on plant P acquisition via the root pathway. In spite of absence of maize growth responses to inoculation with any of the AMF isolates, this study indicates remarkable functional diversity in the underground component of the studied field sit

Microstructure and Fatique Characteristics of the Steel AISI 316L Prepared by 3D Print Method Material Extrusion (FDM)

Diplomová páce se zabývá FDM metodou 3D tisku korozivzdorné oceli 316L z materiálu BASF Ultrafuse 316L. V teoretické části jsou popsány všechny aditivní technologie, kterými v současné době lze vyrábět kovové díly a charakteristika FDM tištěné korozivzdorné oceli 316L po procesu slinování. V následující, experimentální části práce je uveden podrobný popis a charakteristika tiskových parametrů, které byly použity při výrobě zkušebních vzorků. V závěru praktické části práce jsou získané výsledky materiálových vlastností z vytištěných vzorků porovnány s parametry vzorků stejné oceli 316L, které byly vytištěné odlišnou aditivní technologií SLM.The master thesis deals with FDM method of 3D printing 316L stainless steel from BASF Ultrafuse 316L material, Theoretical part describes all additive manufacturing technologies that can currently be used to produce metal parts and the characteristics of FDM printed 316L stainless steel after the sintering process. In the subsequent experimental chapter of the thesis is a detailed description and parameters that were used in the production of test specimens. At the end of the practical part of the work, the obtained results of material properties from printed samples are compared with the mechanical properties of samples of the same 316L stainless steel, which were printed by different additive technology SLM.346 - Katedra obrábění, montáže a strojírenské metrologievýborn

Utilization of Organic Nitrogen by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae in Soil - Zooming into the Hyphosphere Microbiome

Symposium paper Part 1: Function and management of soil microorganisms in agro-ecosystems with special reference to arbuscular mycorrhizal fung

Traits related to differences in function among three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Diversity in phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies was assessed among three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolated from a single field in Switzerland. Medicago truncatula was used as a test plant. It was grown in a compartmented system with root and root-free zones separated by a fine mesh. Dual radioisotope labeling (32P and 33P) was employed in the root-free zone as follows: 33P labeling determined hyphal P uptake from different distances from roots over the entire growth period, whereas 32P labeling investigated hyphal P uptake close to the roots over the 48 hours immediately prior to harvest. Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum and Gigaspora margarita were able to take up and deliver P to the plants from maximal distances of 10, 6 and 1cm from the roots, respectively. Glomus intraradices most rapidly colonized the available substrate and transported significant amounts of P towards the roots, but provided the same growth benefit as compared to Glomus claroideum, whose mycelium was less efficient in soil exploration and in P uptake and delivery to the roots. These differences are probably related to different carbon requirements by these different Glomus species. Gigaspora margarita provided low P benefits to the plants and formed dense mycelium networks close to the roots where P was probably transiently immobilized. Numerical modeling identified possible mechanisms underlying the observed differences in patterns of mycelium growth. High external hyphal production at the root-fungus interface together with rapid hyphal turnover were pointed out as important factors governing hyphal network development by Gigaspora, whereas nonlinearity in apical branching and hyphal anastomoses were key features for G. intraradices and G. claroideum, respectivel

Assess suitability of hydroaeroponic culture to establish tripartite symbiosis between different AMF species, beans, and rhizobia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Like other species of the <it>Phaseoleae </it>tribe, common bean (<it>Phaseolus vulgaris </it>L.) has the potential to establish symbiosis with rhizobia and to fix the atmospheric dinitrogen (N₂) for its N nutrition. Common bean has also the potential to establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that improves the uptake of low mobile nutrients such as phosphorus, from the soil. Both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses can act synergistically in benefits on plant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The tripartite symbiosis of common bean with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed in hydroaeroponic culture with common bean (<it>Phaseolus vulgaris </it>L.), by comparing the effects of three fungi spp. on growth, nodulation and mycorrhization of the roots under sufficient <it>versus </it>deficient P supplies, after transfer from initial sand culture. Although <it>Glomus intraradices </it>Schenck & Smith colonized intensely the roots of common bean in both sand and hydroaeroponic cultures, <it>Gigaspora rosea </it>Nicolson & Schenck only established well under sand culture conditions, and no root-colonization was found with <it>Acaulospora mellea </it>Spain & Schenck under either culture conditions. Interestingly, mycorrhization by <it>Glomus </it>was also obtained by contact with mycorrhized <it>Stylosanthes guianensis </it>(Aubl.) sw in sand culture under deficient P before transfer into hydroaeroponic culture. The effect of bean genotype on both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses with <it>Glomus </it>was subsequently assessed with the common bean recombinant inbreed line 7, 28, 83, 115 and 147, and the cultivar Flamingo. Significant differences among colonization and nodulation of the roots and growth among genotypes were found.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The hydroaeroponic culture is a valuable tool for further scrutinizing the physiological interactions and nutrient partitioning within the tripartite symbiosis.</p

Interaction between root growth allocation and mycorrhizal fungi in soil with patchy P distribution

Aims and Background: Many plants preferentially grow roots into P-enriched soil patches, but little is known about how the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects this response. Methods: Lotus japonicus (L.) was grown in a low-P soil with (a) no additional P, (b) homogeneous P (28mg pot−1), (c) low heterogeneous P (9.3mg pot−1), and (d) high heterogeneous P (28mg pot−1). Each P treatment was combined with one of three mycorrhiza treatments: no mycorrhizae, Glomus intraradices, indigenous AMF. Real-time PCR was used to assess the abundance of G. intraradices and the indigeneous AMF G. mosseae and G. claroideum. Results: Mycorrhization and P fertilization strongly increased plant growth. Homogeneous P supply enhanced growth in both mycorrhizal treatments, while heterogeneous P fertilization increased biomass production only in treatments with indigenous AMF inoculation. Preferential root allocation into P-enriched soil was significant only in absence of AMF. The abundance of AMF species was similar in P-enriched and unfertilized soil patches. Conclusion: Mycorrhization may completely override preferential root growth responses of plants to P- patchiness in soil. The advantage of this effect for the plants is to give roots more freedom to forage for other resources in demand for growth and to adapt to variable soil condition

Symbiont identity matters: carbon and phosphorus fluxes between Medicago truncatula and different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Many studies have scrutinized the nutritional benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations to their host plants, while the carbon (C) balance of the symbiosis has often been neglected. Here, we present quantification of both the C costs and the phosphorus (P) uptake benefits of mycorrhizal association between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, namely Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum, and Gigaspora margarita. Plant growth, P uptake and C allocation were assessed 7weeks after sowing by comparing inoculated plants with their non-mycorrhizal counterparts, supplemented with different amounts of P. Isotope tracing (33P and 13C) was used to quantify both the mycorrhizal benefits and the costs, respectively. G. intraradices supported greatest plant P acquisition and incurred high C costs, which lead to similar plant growth benefits as inoculation with G. claroideum, which was less efficient in supporting plant P acquisition, but also required less C. G. margarita imposed large C requirement on the host plant and provided negligible P uptake benefits. However, it did not significantly reduce plant growth due to sink strength stimulation of plant photosynthesis. A simple experimental system such as the one established here should allow quantification of mycorrhizal costs and benefits routinely on a large number of experimental units. This is necessary for rapid progress in assessment of C fluxes between the plants and different mycorrhizal fungi or fungal communities, and for understanding the dynamics between mutualism and parasitism in mycorrhizal symbiose

Arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze als Bioindikatoren in Schweizer Landwirtschaftsböden

Die meisten Nutz- und Wildpflanzen bilden eine Symbiose mit einer speziellen Gruppe von Bodenpilzen, den Arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen (AM-Pilze). AM-Pilze übernehmen in allen von Pflanzen besiedelten Ökosystemen wichtige Funktionen. Sie bilden ein engmaschiges Pilzfadengeflecht im Boden und geben lebensnotwendige Nährstoffe aus dem Boden an die Pflanzen weiter und schützen diese gegen Stress und Trockenheit. Sie reduzieren Nährstoffverluste aus dem Boden und können durch Lebendverbauung Erosion vermindern und somit die Stabilität on Ökosystemen erhöhen. AM-Pilze scheinen als Bioindikatoren besonders geeignet zu sein, da diese Pilzgruppe mit bisher bekannten 230 Arten überschaubar klein ist und sowohl häufige als auch seltene Arten enthält. In der Schweiz sind bisher mehr als 100 AM-Pilze nachgewiesen worden. Viele dieser Pilze reagieren stark auf die Landnutzungsintensität, die Bewirtschaftungsform und/oder die Bodenbeschaffenheit (z. B. Glomus sinuosum und Acaulospora paulinae). Diese spezialisierten AM-Pilzarten sind deshalb sehr gut geeignet als Bioindikatoren. Andere Arten kommen in fast allen Böden vor und können als Generalisten bezeichnet werden (z. B. Gl. fasciculatum und Archaeospora trappei). Unsere Studien zeigen, dass sich eine Vielzahl von AM-Pilzen als Bioindikatoren in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden eignen