Fizinio aktyvumo poveikis sergantiesiems lėtine obstrukcine plaučių liga

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by narrowing of the respiratory tract. Deterioration of pulmonary ventilation occurs, as a result of which tissues and organs are insufficiently supplied with oxygen. The aim. To review scientific literature sources and provide data on the impact of physical activity on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The research method. The review covered scientific literature sources from the period between 2009 and 2021. Electronic scientific literature search was carried out on PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., using keywords and their combinations. Full-text and freely accessible English-language articles were included. A total of 18 literature sources were considered appropriate. The results and conclusions. COPD is characterized by coughing, shortness of breath, sputum production, and changes in blood gases. The effect of gas (stimulus) damages lung tissue. Low tolerance to physical exertion significantly complicates respiratory function. COPD is a progressive disease. One of the main COPD stimuli is shortness of breath, which restricts daily physical activity and may have a decisive impact on disability development. Age, behavioural risk factors, emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and metabolic syndromes are predisposing risk factors for COPD. As the disease progresses, physical activity decreases. Passive physical activity manifests itself in symptoms of shortness of breath and fatigue.Lėtinė obstrukcinė plaučių liga (toliau – LOPL) pasireiškia kvėpavimo takų susiaurėjimais. Pablogėja oro apykaita plaučiuose, dėl šios priežasties audiniai ir organai nepakankamai aprūpinami deguonimi. Tyrimo tikslas. Apžvelgti mokslinius literatūros šaltinius ir pateikti duomenis apie fizinio aktyvumo poveikį sergantiesiems lėtine obstrukcine plaučių liga. Metodai. Apžvalga apėmė mokslinius literatūros šaltinius, publikuotus 2009–2021 m. Elektroninė mokslinė literatūros paieška buvo atlikta PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. elektroninėje duomenų bazėje, naudojant reikšminius žodžius ir jų junginius. Įtraukta 18 pilnos apimties ir laisvai pasiekiamų straipsnių anglų kalba. Tyrimo rezultatai ir išvados. LOPL susirgimui būdingas kosulys, dusulys, skrepliavimas, kraujo dujų pokyčiai, kurie pažeidžia plaučių audinį. Mažas fizinio krūvio toleravimo laipsnis smarkiai apsunkina kvėpavimo funkciją. Lėtinė obstrukcinė plaučių liga yra sekinanti. Vienas pagrindinių LOPL dirgiklių yra dusulys, kuris apriboja kasdienį fizinį aktyvumą, galimai turi lemiamos įtakos negalios išsivystymui. Amžius, elgesio rizikos veiksniai, plaučių emfizema, lėtinis obstrukcinis bronchitas, metaboliniai sindromai yra rizikos veiksniai, predisponuojantys LOPL. Ligai progresuojant, mažėja fizinis aktyvumas. Pasyvi fizinė veikla pasireiškia dusulio ir nuovargio simptomais

The effect of physical activity on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by narrowing of the respiratory tract. Deterioration of pulmonary ventilation occurs, as a result of which tissues and organs are insufficiently supplied with oxygen. The aim. To review scientific literature sources and provide data on the impact of physical activity on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The research method. The review covered scientific literature sources from the period between 2009 and 2021. Electronic scientific literature search was carried out on PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., using keywords and their combinations. Full-text and freely accessible English-language articles were included. A total of 18 literature sources were considered appropriate. The results and conclusions. COPD is characterized by coughing, shortness of breath, sputum production, and changes in blood gases. The effect of gas (stimulus) damages lung tissue. Low tolerance to physical exertion significantly complicates respiratory function. COPD is a progressive disease. One of the main COPD stimuli is shortness of breath, which restricts daily physical activity and may have a decisive impact on disability development. Age, behavioural risk factors, emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and metabolic syndromes are predisposing risk factors for COPD. As the disease progresses, physical activity decreases. Passive physical activity manifests itself in symptoms of shortness of breath and fatigue

Phase behavior, functions, and medical applications of soy phosphatidylcholine and diglyceride lipid compositions

Lipid compositions with the ability to self-assemble into biocompatible nano- and mesostructured functional materials have many potential uses in modern medicine. By using twocomponent lipid systems, it is possible to tune the structure formation and related functional properties, e.g., the encapsulation and extended release of small molecules and peptides, by simply varying the ratio of the lipid building blocks. This is shown in detail for the binary phosphatidylcholine and diglyceride lipid systems, which are currently being used in multiple programs for the development of novel pharmaceuticals and marketed products

Adsorption of Lipid Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles: Effects of Particle Composition, Internal Structure, and Phase Behavior

Controlling the interfacial behavior and properties of lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) at surfaces is essential for their application for preparing functional surface coatings as well as understanding some aspects of their properties as drug delivery vehicles. Here we have studied a LCNP system formed by mixing soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), forming liquid crystalline lamellar Structures in excess water, and glycerol dioleate (GDO), forming reversed structures, dispersed into nanoparticle with the surfactant polysorbate 80 (P80) as stabilizer. LCNP particle properties were controlled by using different ratios of the lipid building blocks as well as different concentrations of the surfactant P80. The LCNP size, internal structure, morphology, and charge were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), synchrotron smallange X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and zeta potential measurements, respectively. With increasing SPC to GDO ratio in the interval from 35:65 to 60:40, the bulk lipid phase structure goes from reversed cubic micellar phase with Fd3m space group to reversed hexagonal phase. Adding P80 results in a successive shift toward more disorganized lamellar type of structures. This is also seen from cryo-TEM images for the LCNPs, where higher P80 ratios results in more extended lamellar layers surrounding the inner, more dense, lipid-rich particle core with nonlamellar structure. When put in contact with a solid silica surface, the LCNPs adsorb to form multilayer structures with a surface excess and thickness values that increase strongly with the content of P80 and decreases with increasing SPC:GDO ratio. This is reflected in both the adsorption rate and steady-state values, indicating that the driving force for adsorption is largely governed by attractive interactions between poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) units of the P80 stabilizer and the silica surface. On cationic surface, i.e., silica modified with 3-aminopropltriethoxysilane (APTES), the slightly negatively charged LCNPs give rise to a very significant adsorption, which is relatively independent of LCNP composition. Finally, the dynamic thickness measurements indicate that direct adsorption of intact particles occurred on the cationic surface, while a slow buildup of the layer thickness with time is seen for the weakly interacting systems

Adsorption of Lipid Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles on Cationic, Hydrophilic, and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Investigation of nonlamellar nanoparticles formed by dispersion of self-assembled lipid liquid crystalline phases is stimulated by their many potential applications in science and technology; resulting from their unique solubilizing, encapsulating, and space-dividing nature. Understanding the interfacial behavior of lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) at surfaces can facilitate the exploitation of such systems for a number of potentially interesting uses, including preparation of functional surface coatings and uses as carriers of biologically active substances. We have studied the adsorption of LCNP, based on phosphatidylcholine/glycerol dioleate and Polysorbate 80 as stabilizers, at different model surfaces by use of in situ ellipsometry. The technique allows time-resolved monitoring of the layer thickness and the amount adsorbed, thereby providing insights into the restructuring of the lipid nanoparticle upon adsorption. The effects of solvent condition, electrolyte concentration, particle size, and surface chemistry on adsorbed layer properties were investigated. Furthermore, the internal structures of the particles were investigated by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray diffraction on the corresponding liquid crystalline phases in excess water. LCNPs are shown to form well-defined layers at the solid-liquid interface with a structure and coverage that are determined by the interplay between the self-assembly properties of the lipids and lipid surface interactions, respectively. At the hydrophobic surface, hydrophobic interaction results in a structural transition from the original LCNP morphology to a monolayer structure at the interface. In contrast, at cationic and hydrophilic surfaces, relaxation is a relatively slow process, resulting in much thicker adsorbed layers, with thickness and adsorption behavior that to a greater extent reflect the original bulk LCNP properties

Inerolysin and vaginolysin, the cytolysins implicated in vaginal dysbiosis, differently impair molecular integrity of phospholipid membranes

The pore-forming toxins, inerolysin (INY) and vaginolysin (VLY), produced by vaginal bacteria Lactobacillus iners and Gardnerella vaginalis were studied using the artificial cholesterol-rich tethered bilayer membranes (tBLMs) by electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of tBLMs attested for the toxin-induced impairment of the integrity of phospholipid membranes. This observation was in line with the atomic force microscopy data demonstrating formation of oligomeric protein assemblies in tBLMs. These assemblies exhibited different morphologies: VLY mostly formed complete rings, whereas INY produced arciform structures. We found that both EIS (membrane damage) and the surface plasmon resonance (protein binding) data obtained on tBLMs are in-line with the data obtained in human cell lysis experiments. EIS, however, is capable of capturing effects inaccessible for biological activity assays. Specifically, we found that the INY-induced damage of tBLMs is nearly a linear function of membrane cholesterol content, whereas VLY triggered significant damage only at high (50 mol%) cholesterol concentrations. The observed differences of INY and VLY activities on phospholipid membranes might have clinical importance: both toxin-producing bacteria have been found in healthy vagina and dysbiosis, suggesting the need for adaptation at different vaginal conditions. Our results broaden the possibilities of application of tBLMs in medical diagnostics

Prokaryotic Argonaute from Archaeoglobus fulgidus interacts with DNA as a homodimer

Argonaute (Ago) proteins are found in all three domains of life. The best-characterized group is eukaryotic Argonautes (eAgos), which are the core of RNA interference. The best understood prokaryotic Ago (pAgo) proteins are full-length pAgos. They are composed of four major structural/functional domains (N, PAZ, MID, and PIWI) and thereby closely resemble eAgos. It was demonstrated that full-length pAgos function as prokaryotic antiviral systems, with the PIWI domain performing cleavage of invading nucleic acids. However, the majority of identified pAgos are shorter and catalytically inactive (encode just MID and inactive PIWI domains), thus their action mechanism and function remain unknown. In this work we focus on AfAgo, a short pAgo protein encoded by an archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. We find that in all previously solved AfAgo structures, its two monomers form substantial dimerization interfaces involving the C-terminal β-sheets. Led by this finding, we have employed various biochemical and biophysical assays, including SEC-MALS, SAXS, single-molecule FRET, and AFM, to show that AfAgo is indeed a homodimer in solution, which is capable of simultaneous interaction with two DNA molecules. This finding underscores the diversity of prokaryotic Agos and broadens the range of currently known Argonaute-nucleic acid interaction mechanisms