Rola mikropęcherzyków błonowych w otyłości i chorobach układu krążenia

The correlation between microparticles (MP) and various diseases such as obesity or cardiovasculardiseases is a relatively recent discovery and is still being explored for further use.Microparticles, also called microvesicles, are portions of cell membranes that are released frommost of the body’s eukar yotic cells. The formation of MP is strictly controlled, and their type,composition and purpose depend on the type of cell from which they arise. The following articlepresents types of MP and their correlations with pathological conditions of the organism.Obesity is currently a ver y common disease, regardless of age or geographic location. Thenumber of people diagnosed with obesity is projected to increas e significantly around theworld over the next few years. A relationship has been shown between the increasing amountof MP in the body and the accumulation of excess white adipose tissue in it. At the same time,a correlation of their quantity can be noticed with the incidence of atherosclerosis, anemia andother diseases related to the circulatory system.Cardiovascular diseases are one of the world’s leading lethal d iseases. In the case of acutemyocardial infarction (AMI), a significant increase in the level of endothelial MP and those arisingfrom monocytes can be observed. Many factors that are a consequence of diet and lifestyle,influence the production of MP in the obesity process. The use of MP in diagnostics and asbiomarkers of certain diseases, could contribute to the formation of therapeutic strategies andcould limit the development of many diseases.The explanation of the origin and purpose of MP is necessary in the understanding of their rolein either normal conditions or pathological ones, such as obesity or cardiovascular diseases.Despite the advanced methods we use today, the process of MP for mation and their impacton pathophysiological mechanisms are only partially explained and require further research.Relacja pomiędzy mikropęcherzykami błonowymi (MP) a różnymi schorzeniami, jak otyłość bądź choroby układu krążenia, jest stosunkowo niedawnym odkryciem i wciąż badanym w kierunku możliwości wykorzystania go w przyszłości. Mikropartycje, nazywane również mikropęcherzykami błonowymi są fragmentami błon komórkowych uwalnianych z większości komórek eukariotycznych organizmu. Tworzenie się MP jest ściśle kontrolowane, a ich rodzaj, skład oraz przeznaczenie są zależne od rodzaju komórki, z której powstają. W pracy przedstawione zostały rodzaje MP oraz ich korelacje z patologicznymi stanami organizmu. Nadwaga jest aktualnie bardzo częstym schorzeniem, niezależnym od wieku czy położenia geograficznego. Prognozuje się, że w ciągu następnych kilku lat dojdzie na całym świecie do znacznego wzrostu liczby osób ze stwierdzoną otyłością. Wykazano związek pomiędzy rosnącą ilością MP w organizmie, a odkładaniem się w nim nadmiaru białej tkanki tłuszczowej. Jednocześnie można zauważyć korelację ich ilości, z zachorowaniami na miażdżycę, niedokrwistość oraz innymi chorobami związanymi z układem krążenia. Choroby sercowo-naczyniowe są jednymi z wiodących i prowadzących do zgonu na świecie. W przypadku ostrego zawału serca (AMI) obserwuje się znaczny wzrost poziomu MP pochodzenia śródbłonkowego, oraz tych powstałych z monocytów. Wiele czynników, będących konsekwencją diety i stylu życia wpływa na produkcję MP w procesie otyłości. Wykorzystanie MP w diagnostyce oraz jako biomarkery chorób mogłoby przysłużyć się do tworzenia strategii terapeutycznej i ograniczenia rozwoju wielu schorzeń. Wyjaśnienie powstawania oraz przeznaczenia MP jest niezbędne w pojęciu ich roli w warunkach prawidłowych oraz stanach patologicznych jakimi są otyłość bądź choroby sercowo-naczyniowe. Pomimo zaawansowanych metod, jakimi się dzisiaj posługujemy, proces powstawania MP oraz ich wpływ na mechanizmy patofizjologiczne są tylko częściowo wyjaśnione i wymagają dalszych badań

Synthesis and activity of opioid peptidomimetics with β2- and β3-amino acids

Morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2) is a selective ligand of the mu opioid receptor, an important target in pain regulation. In this study, morphiceptin was modified at positions 2 or 3 by introduction of β2- or β3-amino acids and additionally in position 1 by replacing Tyr by Dmt (2â\u80²,6â\u80²-dimethyltyrosine), which resulted in obtaining enzymatically stable analogs with mixed opioid receptor affinity profiles. An analog of the sequence Dmt-D-Ala-(R)-β2-1-Nal-Pro-NH2 [Nal = 3-(1-naphthyl)-alanine] showed very high activity at the mu and delta receptors in the calcium mobilization functional test but did not cross the artificial membrane imitating the blood-brain barrier. In the in vivo test this analog induced strong antinociceptive effect in the writhing test in mice after intraperitioneal but also oral administration and inhibited diarrhea similarly to loperamide. Therefore, it may become an interesting lead compound in the development of peripherally restricted drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders

The horse Y chromosome as an informative marker for tracing sire lines

Analysis of the Y chromosome is the best-established way to reconstruct paternal family history in humans. Here, we applied fine-scaled Y-chromosomal haplotyping in horses with biallelic markers and demonstrate the potential of our approach to address the ancestry of sire lines. We de novo assembled a draft reference of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome from Illumina short reads and then screened 5.8 million basepairs for variants in 130 specimens from intensively selected and rural breeds and nine Przewalski's horses. Among domestic horses we confirmed the predominance of a young'crown haplogroup' in Central European and North American breeds. Within the crown, we distinguished 58 haplotypes based on 211 variants, forming three major haplogroups. In addition to two previously characterised haplogroups, one observed in Arabian/Coldblooded and the other in Turkoman/Thoroughbred horses, we uncovered a third haplogroup containing Iberian lines and a North African Barb Horse. In a genealogical showcase, we distinguished the patrilines of the three English Thoroughbred founder stallions and resolved a historic controversy over the parentage of the horse 'Galopin', born in 1872. We observed two nearly instantaneous radiations in the history of Central and Northern European Y-chromosomal lineages that both occurred after domestication 5,500 years ago

The horse Y chromosome as an informative marker for tracing sire lines

Analysis of the Y chromosome is the best-established way to reconstruct paternal family history in humans. Here, we applied fine-scaled Y-chromosomal haplotyping in horses with biallelic markers and demonstrate the potential of our approach to address the ancestry of sire lines. We de novo assembled a draft reference of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome from Illumina short reads and then screened 5.8 million basepairs for variants in 130 specimens from intensively selected and rural breeds and nine Przewalski's horses. Among domestic horses we confirmed the predominance of a young'crown haplogroup' in Central European and North American breeds. Within the crown, we distinguished 58 haplotypes based on 211 variants, forming three major haplogroups. In addition to two previously characterised haplogroups, one observed in Arabian/Coldblooded and the other in Turkoman/Thoroughbred horses, we uncovered a third haplogroup containing Iberian lines and a North African Barb Horse. In a genealogical showcase, we distinguished the patrilines of the three English Thoroughbred founder stallions and resolved a historic controversy over the parentage of the horse 'Galopin', born in 1872. We observed two nearly instantaneous radiations in the history of Central and Northern European Y-chromosomal lineages that both occurred after domestication 5,500 years ago.status: publishe