Auswirkung der Gabe des Medikamentes FTY720 auf die Entwicklung einer abdominellen Sepsis im murinen CASP Modell

FTY720 ist ein Immunsuppressivum, das zur Behandlung der schubförmigen Multiplen Sklerose (MS) zugelassen ist. FTY720 dämpft das adaptive Immunsystem, indem es durch seinen funktionellen Antagonismus am Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptor 1 zu einer Sequestration von T-Zellen in sekundär lymphatischen Organen führt. Bislang ist allerdings unklar, ob durch diese FTY720-induzierte Lymphopenie Patienten mit MS einem erhöhten Risiko für schwerere Verläufe postoperativer infektiöser Komplikationen, wie zum Beispiel einer abdominellen Sepsis, ausgesetzt sind. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es die Auswirkung einer FTY720-induzierten Lymphopenie auf den Verlauf einer postoperativen polymikrobiellen Sepsis im murinen colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP)-Modell zu untersuchen. Zunächst erfolgte eine ausführliche Charakterisierung verschiedener Leukozytenpopulationen und Zytokine im Verlauf der CASP, welche die Grundlage für die Untersuchung der FTY720-induzierten Veränderungen bildete. Anschließend erfolgte eine ausführliche Charakterisierung der Auswirkung von FTY720 auf Zellpopulationen und Zytokine in sekundär lymphatischen Organen nach Induktion einer CASP. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Überlebenskinetik mit FTY720- und Placebo behandelten Tieren im CASP-Modell durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde die Hälfte der Tiere der jeweiligen Gruppe mit einem Breitspektrumantibiotikum behandelt. Die Behandlung mit FTY720 nach CASP-Induktion bewirkte eine Umverteilung der Zellpopulationen im peripheren Blut, in der Peritonealhöhle und in der Milz. Sowohl die lymphoide als auch die myeloide Zellreihe waren hierbei betroffen. Allerdings gab es keinen Unterschied im Überleben zwischen FTY720- und Placebo behandelten Tieren nach CASP-Induktion. Die Behandlung mit einem Breitspektrumantibiotikum erhöhte das Überleben in FTY720- und Placebo behandelten Tieren gleichermaßen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Hemmung der T-Zellmigration sowie die Induktion einer peripheren Lymphopenie mit einer verminderten Anzahl an T- und B-Zellen das Überleben im CASP-Modell nicht beeinflusste. Es kann daher vermutet werden, dass die Behandlung mit FTY720 in Patienten mit MS, die an einer Sepsis leiden, wahrscheinlich mit keiner erhöhten Mortalität einhergeht.FTY720 is an immunosuppressive molecule licensed for the treatment of chronic relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It attenuates the adaptive immune response by sequestering T cells within secondary lymphoid organs via its action as functional antagonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor 1. To date, it is unknown whether FTY720-induced lymphopenia puts MS patients at an increased risk for severe forms of postoperative infectious complications such as abdominal sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FTY720-induced lymphopenia on the clinical course of postoperative polymicrobial sepsis in the murine colon ascendens stent peritonitis model (CASP). First of all we performed a detailed analysis of different cell populations and cytokines during CASP. Based on this analysis we performed a detailed characterization of the impact on FTY720 on cell populations and cytokines in secondary lymphoid organs after induction of CASP. Furthermore, survival analysis was performed in FTY720- and placebo treated animals in severe CASP. Fifty percent of each group were treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. FTY720 treatment resulted in remodeling of cell populations present in the peripheral blood, the peritoneal cavity, and the spleen after CASP induction. Both lymphoid and myeloid cell lines were affected. However, survival in lymphopenic FTY720-treated animals was similar to placebo-treated animals following CASP. Antibiotic treatment increased survival in FTY720- and Placebo treated animals to a similar extent. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of T-cell migration and induction of peripheral lymphopenia with reduced T- and B-cell numbers did not affect survival in a model of severe murine sepsis. The absence of increased mortality under FTY720 treatment in the CASP model suggests that FTY720 treatment will probably not result in increased mortality in MS patients suffering from sepsis

Clinically Relevant Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: How We Do It

(1) Background: This study’s goals were to investigate possible risk factors for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) grade B/C according to the updated definitions of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery and to analyze possible treatment strategies; (2) Methods: Between 2017 and 2021, 200 patients were analyzed regarding the development of POPF grade B/C with an emphasis on postoperative outcome and treatment strategies; (3) Results: POPF grade B/C was observed in 39 patients (19.5%). These patients were younger, mainly male, had fewer comorbidities and showed a higher body mass index. Also, they had lower CA-19 levels, a smaller tumor size and softer pancreatic parenchyma. They experienced a worse outcome without affecting the overall mortality rate (10% vs. 6%, p = 0.481), however, this lead to a prolonged postoperative stay (28 (32–36) d vs. 20 (15–28) d, p ≤ 0.001). The majority of patients with POPF grade B/C were able to receive conservative treatment, followed by drainage placement, endoscopic vacuum-assisted therapy (EVT) and surgery. Conservative treatment resulted in a shorter length of the postoperative stay (24 (22–28) d vs. 34 (26–43) d, p = 0.012); (4) Conclusions: Patients developing POPF grade B/C had a worse outcome; however, this did not affect the overall mortality rate. The majority of the patients were able to receive conservative treatment, resulting in a shorter length of their hospital stay

Active smokers show ameliorated delayed gastric emptying after pancreatoduodenectomy

Background!#!Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is the most common complication following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). The data about active smoking in relation to gastric motility have been inconsistent and specifically the effect of smoking on gastric emptying after PD has not yet been investigated in detail.!##!Methods!#!295 patients at our department underwent PD between January 2009 and December 2019. Patients were analyzed in relation to demographic factors, diagnosis, pre-existing conditions, intraoperative characteristics, hospital stay, mortality and postoperative complications with special emphasis on DGE. All complications were classified according to the definitions of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.!##!Results!#!274 patients were included in the study and analyzed regarding their smoking habits (non or former smokers, n = 88, 32.1% vs. active smokers, n = 186, 68.6%). Excluded were patients for whom no information about their smoking habits was available (n = 3), patients who had had gastric resection before (n = 4) and patients with prolonged postoperative resumption to normal diet independently from DGE (long-term ventilation > 7 days, fasting due to pancreatic fistula) (n = 14). Smokers were younger than non-smokers (61 vs. 69 years, p ≤ 0.001) and mainly male (73% male vs. 27% female). Smoking patients showed significantly more pre-existing pulmonary conditions (19% vs. 8%, p = 0.002) and alcohol abuse (48% vs. 23%, p ≤ 0.001). We observe more blood loss in smokers (800 [500-1237.5] vs. 600 [400-1000], p = 0.039), however administration of erythrocyte concentrates did not differ between both groups (0 [0-2] vs. 0 [0-2], p = 0.501). 58 out of 88 smokers (66%) and 147 out of 186 of non-smokers (79%) showed malign tumors (p = 0.019). 35 out of 88 active smokers (40%) and 98 out of 188 non- or former smokers (53%) developed DGE after surgery (p = 0.046) and smokers tolerated solid food intake more quickly than non-smokers (postoperative day (POD7 vs. POD10, p = 0.004). Active smokers were less at risk to develop DGE (p = 0.051) whereas patients with pulmonary preexisting conditions were at higher risk for developing DGE (p = 0.011).!##!Conclusions!#!Our data show that DGE occurs less common in active smokers and they tolerate solid food intake more quickly than non-smokers. Further observation studies and randomized, controlled multicentre studies without the deleterious effect of smoking, for instance by administration of a nicotine patch, are needed to examine if this effect is due to nicotine administration

Obesity Does Not Influence Delayed Gastric Emptying Following Pancreatoduodenectomy

Background: The data about obesity on postoperative outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) are inconsistent, specifically in relation to gastric motility and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Methods: Two hundred and eleven patients were included in the study and patients were retrospectively analyzed in respect to pre-existing obesity (obese patients having a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 vs. non-obese patients having a BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 34, 16% vs. n = 177, 84%) in relation to demographic factors, comorbidities, intraoperative characteristics, mortality and postoperative complications with special emphasis on DGE. Results: Obese patients were more likely to develop clinically relevant pancreatic fistula grade B/C (p = 0.008) and intraabdominal abscess formations (p = 0.017). However, clinically relevant DGE grade B/C did not differ (p = 0.231) and, specifically, first day of solid food intake (p = 0.195), duration of intraoperative administered nasogastric tube (NGT) (p = 0.708), rate of re-insertion of NGT (0.123), total length of NGT (p = 0.471) or the need for parenteral nutrition (p = 0.815) were equally distributed. Moreover, mortality (p = 1.000) did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: Obese patients do not show a higher mortality rate and are not at higher risk to develop DGE. We thus show that in our study, PD is feasible in the obese patient in regard to postoperative outcome with special emphasis on DGE

Chronic Liver Disease Increases Mortality Following Pancreatoduodenectomy

According to the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS), data about the impact of pre-existing liver pathologies on delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) according to the definitions of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) are lacking. We therefore investigated the impact of DGE after PD according to ISGPS in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and advanced liver fibrosis (LF). Patients were analyzed with respect to pre-existing liver pathologies (LC and advanced LF, n = 15, 6% vs. no liver pathologies, n = 240, 94%) in relation to demographic factors, comorbidities, intraoperative characteristics, mortality and postoperative complications, with special emphasis on DGE. DGE was equally distributed (DGE grade A, p = 1.000; B, p = 0.396; C, p = 0.607). Particularly, the first day of solid food intake (p = 0.901), the duration of intraoperative administered nasogastric tube (NGT) (p = 0.812), the rate of re-insertion of NGT (p = 0.072), and the need for parenteral nutrition (p = 0.643) did not differ. However, patients with LC and advanced LF showed a higher ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score (p = 0.016), intraoperatively received more erythrocyte transfusions (p = 0.029), stayed longer in the intensive care unit (p = 0.010) and showed more intraabdominal abscess formation (p = 0.006). Moreover, we did observe a higher mortality rate amongst patients with pre-existing liver diseases (p = 0.021), and reoperation was a risk factor for higher mortality (p ≤ 0.001) in the multivariate analysis. In our study, we could not detect a difference with respect to DGE classified by ISGPS; however, we did observe a higher mortality rate amongst these patients and thus, they should be critically evaluated for PD

Mosquito Passage Dramatically Changes var Gene Expression in Controlled Human Plasmodium falciparum Infections

Virulence of the most deadly malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is linked to the variant surface antigen PfEMP1, which is encoded by about 60 var genes per parasite genome. Although the expression of particular variants has been associated with different clinical outcomes, little is known about var gene expression at the onset of infection. By analyzing controlled human malaria infections via quantitative real-time PCR, we show that parasite populations from 18 volunteers expressed virtually identical transcript patterns that were dominated by the subtelomeric var gene group B and, to a lesser extent, group A. Furthermore, major changes in composition and frequency of var gene transcripts were detected between the parental parasite culture that was used to infect mosquitoes and Plasmodia recovered from infected volunteers, suggesting that P. falciparum resets its var gene expression during mosquito passage and starts with the broad expression of a specific subset of var genes when entering the human blood phase