Third Annual Report of the Farm Management Service for Farmers in Soil Conservation Demonstration Areas for the year 1937 (April 1937 to March 1938)

Farm Management,

Influence of an inverter based DG on a double-ended fault location scheme

This paper describes the influence of Distributed Generation (DG) on a double ended fault location based on measuring the high frequency fault transients. The additional non-fundamental frequency current components from DG will influence the accuracy of an impedance based fault location technique based on non-fundamental frequencies. A double-ended impedance based fault location technique that utilizes the high frequency content (up to 5 kHz) is studied. The study showed that double-ended method is still able to locate a fault with a maximum error of 4% compared to the case without DG which showed a percentage error up to 2%

Impedance sensitive STATCOM control for systems supported by renewable generation

Reactive power control is known to be an effective means of controlling voltage; however, for optimal performance, the system reactance must be known. Power systems with high re-newable energy penetration have been known to have voltage stability issues. To further complicate this issue, distributed renewable sources are likely to have an effect on the local sys-tem impedance. As a result, connection and disconnection of such sources is likely to result in significant changes in system impedance. In this paper, impedance estimation is used to dy-namically tune the controllers of a STATCOM so that consis-tent dynamic performance may be obtained. The method has been verified through simulation and through laboratory-based experimentatio

Development and testing of an experimental power system fault demonstrator

In this paper a laboratory demonstrator for the study of power system faults is described. The facility has been developed in order to experimentally investigate a number of fault location and power system protection technologies developed by the authors and their colleagues at higher power levels and with more representative system parameters than has previ¬ously been possible. In addition to describing the facility itself, this paper also describes the validation of a previously studied method using the new demonstrato

A global climatological model of extreme geomagnetic field fluctuations

This paper presents a multi-parameter global statistical model of extreme horizontal geomagnetic field fluctuations (dBH/dt), which are a useful input to models assessing the risk of geomagnetically induced currents in ground infrastructure. Generalised Pareto (GP) distributions were fitted to 1-min measurements of |dBH/dt| from 125 magnetometers (with an average of 28 years of data per site) and return levels (RL) predicted for return periods (RP) between 5 and 500 years. Analytical functions characterise the profiles of maximum-likelihood GP model parameters and the derived RLs as a function of corrected geomagnetic latitude, λ. A sharp peak in both the GP shape parameter and the RLs is observed at |λ| = 53° in both hemispheres, indicating a sharp equatorward limit of the auroral electrojet region. RLs also increase strongly in the dayside region poleward of the polar cusp (|λ| > 75°) for RPs > 100 years. We describe how the GP model may be further refined by modelling the probability of occurrences of |dBH/dt| exceeding the 99.97th percentile as a function of month, magnetic local time, and the direction of the field fluctuation, dBH, and demonstrate that these patterns of occurrence align closely to known patterns of auroral substorm onsets, ULF Pc5 wave activity, and (storm) sudden commencement impacts. Changes in the occurrence probability profiles with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation reveal further details of the nature of the ionospheric currents driving extreme |dBH/dt| fluctuations, such as the changing location of the polar cusp and seasonal variations explained by the Russell-McPherron effect

Influence of an inverter based DG on a double-ended fault location scheme

This paper describes the influence of Distributed Generation (DG) on a double ended fault location based on measuring the high frequency fault transients. The additional non-fundamental frequency current components from DG will influence the accuracy of an impedance based fault location technique based on non-fundamental frequencies. A double-ended impedance based fault location technique that utilizes the high frequency content (up to 5 kHz) is studied. The study showed that double-ended method is still able to locate a fault with a maximum error of 4% compared to the case without DG which showed a percentage error up to 2%

Trematode Infections inLittorina littoreaon the New Hampshire Coast

The prevalence of parasite infections in Littorina littorea (Common Periwinkle) was examined at 16 rocky intertidal sites along the New Hampshire coastline over three summers (2006 to 2008). We sampled over a relatively small spatial scale (21 km) and expected that the prevalence of infections in L. littorea would be similar between sites over this sampling area. In total, 1983 snails were collected from areas at mean low water during spring tides. Snail size (mm), gender, and type of parasitic infection were noted for all snails. Eleven percent of snails collected were infected with rediae and cercariae of the trematodes Cryptocotyle lingua or Cercaria parvicaudata; one snail had a double infection of both trematodes. The prevalence of infection at sites ranged from 1.9% to 30.1%. At all sites, female snails outnumbered male snails, and a greater proportion of females were infected than males. Large snails were more likely to be infected with trematodes at 3 sites, while a higher level of infection was found in small snails at 1 site. Snails at wave-protected sites were more likely to be infected than snails at wave-exposed sites. No relationship was found between the number of gulls at a site and the prevalence of infection. Although temporal variation in levels of prevalence in parasitic infections may explain some of our site-to-site differences, our data show large spatial variation of parasite prevalence in L. littorea over a minimum distance of 0.5 km and provide a foundation to test hypotheses concerning the susceptibility of female and immature (small) snails to infection

Optimization and Dose Estimation of Aerosol Delivery to Non-Human Primates

Background: In pre-clinical animal studies, the uniformity of dosing across subjects and routes of administration is a crucial requirement. In preparation for a study in which aerosolized live-attenuated measles virus vaccine was administered to cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by inhalation, we assessed the percentage of a nebulized dose inhaled under varying conditions. Methods: Drug delivery varies with breathing parameters. Therefore we determined macaque breathing patterns (tidal volume, breathing frequency, and inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio) across a range of 3.3-6.5 kg body weight, using a pediatric pneumotachometer interfaced either with an endotracheal tube or a facemask. Subsequently, these breathing patterns were reproduced using a breathing simulator attached to a filter to collect the inhaled dose. Albuterol was nebulized using a vibrating mesh nebulizer and the percentage inhaled dose was determined by extraction of drug from the filter and subsequent quantification. Results: Tidal volumes ranged from 24 to 46 mL, breathing frequencies from 19 to 31 breaths per minute and I:E ratios from 0.7 to 1.6. A small pediatric resuscitation mask was identified as the best fitting interface between animal and pneumotachometer. The average efficiency of inhaled dose delivery was 32.1% (standard deviation 7.5, range 24%-48%), with variation in tidal volumes as the most important determinant. Conclusions: Studies in non-human primates aimed at comparing aerosol delivery with other routes of administration should take both the inter-subject variation and relatively low efficiency of delivery to these low body weight mammals into account

Relationships of psychosocial factors to dietary intakes of preadolescent girls from diverse backgrounds

Family and personal factors that might be related to the development of food selection and eating patterns have not been well studied in children. The aim of this study was to examine whether such psychosocial factors differ in girls from four culturally diverse Girl Scout troops and how these factors are associated with dietary intakes. The social measures and dietary assessments were all obtained at baseline on subjects who were participating in a small nutrition education programme. The programme enrolled girls and one parent for each girl from four Girl Scout troops in Detroit, Michigan. The social factors assessed included girls’ emotionality and use of food to regulate emotions, their general attitudes about health, eating and body image, and self-perceptions of their competence. Dietary intakes also were assessed in both the girls and their parents. There were large differences between troops in ethnicity and parent education level, and there were differences in dietary intakes as well. The psychosocial factors assessed in this study, however, did not differ significantly by troop. When the psychosocial factors were examined for their relationships to dietary factors, there was an indication that families which reported higher self-competence and academic competence in their daughters also had healthier eating patterns in their daughters. This was a small study, but the data suggest that simple comparisons between ethnic groups may not adequately capture the complexity of family and psychosocial factors contributing to good dietary practices.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73597/1/j.1740-8709.2006.00051.x.pd

The PRoteomics IDEntification (PRIDE) Converter 2 Framework: An Improved Suite of Tools to Facilitate Data Submission to the PRIDE Database and the ProteomeXchange Consortium

The original PRIDE Converter tool greatly simplified the process of submitting mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data to the PRIDE database. However, after much user feedback, it was noted that the tool had some limitations and could not handle several user requirements that were now becoming commonplace. This prompted us to design and implement a whole new suite of tools that would build on the successes of the original PRIDE Converter and allow users to generate submission-ready, well-annotated PRIDE XML files. The PRIDE Converter 2 tool suite allows users to convert search result files into PRIDE XML (the format needed for performing submissions to the PRIDE database), generate mzTab skeleton files that can be used as a basis to submit quantitative and gel-based MS data, and post-process PRIDE XML files by filtering out contaminants and empty spectra, or by merging several PRIDE XML files together. All the tools have both a graphical user interface that provides a dialog-based, user-friendly way to convert and prepare files for submission, as well as a command-line interface that can be used to integrate the tools into existing or novel pipelines, for batch processing and power users. The PRIDE Converter 2 tool suite will thus become a cornerstone in the submission process to PRIDE and, by extension, to the ProteomeXchange consortium of MS-proteomics data repositories.publishedVersio