A Surface Potential Study Of Ion-Uptake By 5,11,17,23-Tetra-Tert-Butyl-25,27-Diethoxycarbonyl Methyleneoxy-26,28,Dihydroxycalix[4]Arene And 5,17-(3-Nitrobenzylideneamino)-11,23-Di-Tert-Butyl-25,27- Diethoxycarbonyl Methyleneoxy-26,28-Dihydroxycalix[4]Arene Langmuir Blodgett (Lb) Monolayers,

A study of surface pressure - area (P-A) isotherms, surface potential (ΔV) and effective dipole moment () of two calix[4]arenes, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-diethoxycarbonyl methyleneoxy-26,28,dihydroxycalix[4]arene (compound I) and 5,17-(3-nitrobenzylideneamino)-11,23-di-tert-butyl-25,27-diethoxycarbonyl methyleneoxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene (compound II) LB films which have the same lower rim but different upper rim has been carried out. This work used a NIMA Surface Potential (S-POT) sensor attached to an LB trough. Space filling model or Corey, Pauling and Koltun (CPK) precision molecular models have been used to estimate the size and the flexibility of both calix[4]arenes, which has been confirmed by X-Ray analysis in one case. The P-A-isotherms confirmed that both of the calix[4]arenes form a monolayer film and the orientations of the plane of the calix ring are parallel with the air-water interface. The value of limiting area, (Alim) increases as a result of adding Fe3+ salt in the water subphase. For I, the value increases from 1.28 nm2 to 1.44 nm2 while for II, it increases from 1.70 nm2 to 1.86 nm2. Surface potential measurements were performed on a water subphase containing Fe3+ salt in the concentration range 0 –mM. The surface potential of the compressed monolayer films increased with increasing Fe3+ concentration indicating the presence of Fe3+ salt bound within the calix[4]arenes. Using the ΔV values, the effective dipole moment has been found using the Helmholtz equation

Interaction Between Langmuir And Langmuir- Blodgett Films Of 5,11,17,23-Tetra-Tert-Butyl-25,27-Diethoxycarbonyl Methyleneoxy-26,28,Dihydroxycalix[4]Arene And 5,17-(9h-Fluoren-2-Yl)Methyleneamino)-11,23-Di-Tert-Butyl-25,27-Diethoxycarbonyl Methyleneoxy-26,28-Dihydroxycalix[4]Arene With Aqueous Copper And Lithium Ions.

The binding interactions between aqueous copper (Cu2þ ) and lithium (Li þ ) ions and Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers have been investigated by studying surface pressure-area (Π-A) isotherms and surface potential-area (ΔV-A) behavior in order to find the effective dipole moment, μ^, of the calixarene molecules in the uncomplexed and complexed states. The orientation of both calix[4]arenes, namely, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl- 25,27-diethoxycarbonyl methyleneoxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene and 5,17-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)methyleneamino)- 11,23-di-tert-butyl-25,27-diethoxycarbonyl methyleneoxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene, is such that the plane of the calix ring is parallel with the plane of the water surface regardless of the ion content of the subphase. The Gibbs equation was used to interpret the adsorption of ions with both calix[4]arenes as a function of the concentration. Effective dipole moments have been calculated from surface potential values using the Helmholtz equation. In this work, new LB films have been prepared employing two novel amphiphilic calix[4]arene derivatives bearing different upper rim substituents. Thus, the effect of modifiying the upper rim has been observed. The results have shown that these calixarenes may be useful components of ion sensors

Multiple Versus Single Antipsychotic Agents for Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients: Case-Control Study of Risks Versus Benefits

OBJECTIVE: Since use of multiple drugs to treat psychiatric patients is increasing, and research on this practice is rare, the authors carried out a retrospective case-control study of multiple versus single antipsychotic treatment in psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: Inpatient treatment groups receiving either antipsychotic monotherapy or polytherapy were matched in terms of age, sex, diagnostic category, and admission clinical ratings (Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF] and Clinical Global Impression [CGI]), which yielded 70 subject pairs. They were compared in terms of total chlorpromazine-equivalent daily dose, changes in total daily dose, length of hospitalization, incidence of adverse effects, and changes in clinical ratings (CGI, GAF, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score) between admission and discharge. RESULTS: Initial doses were closely similar at admission for both treatment groups, but the median total final antipsychotic dose was 78% higher for those receiving antipsychotic polytherapy versus monotherapy. Also, median length of stay in the hospital was 55% (8.5 days) longer, and risk of adverse effects was 56% higher with polytherapy, whereas clinical improvement scores were similar (within 11%) for both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term treatment with multiple antipsychotics was associated with major increases in drug exposure, adverse events, and time in the hospital but with no apparent gain in clinical benefit. These findings require further testing in controlled prospective studies

Determination and mitigation of the uncertainty of neutron diffraction measurements of residual strain in large-grained polycrystalline material

For large-grained samples it is advantageous to perform pairs of neutron diffraction measurements at the same spatial location but rotated 180° around the geometric centre of the gauge volume as a means of minimizing the scatter coming from the random positioning of grains within the gauge volume

Inpatient Antipsychotic Drug Use in 1998, 1993, and 1989

OBJECTIVE: Patterns of clinical use of antipsychotic agents have changed greatly in the past decade. The authors’ goal was to examine these patterns. METHOD: They evaluated medication use in all McLean Hospital inpatients treated with antipsychotic drugs during 3 months in 1998 (N=349) and compared the results with McLean Hospital inpatients treated with antipsychotics in 1993 (N=299) and Boston area inpatients in 1989 (N=50). RESULTS: The most commonly prescribed antipsychotics in 1998 were atypical agents; olanzapine was prescribed more often than risperidone or quetiapine, which were prescribed more often than other antipsychotics. Two or more antipsychotics were prescribed at some time during their hospitalization for 150 (43%) of the patients in 1998. The total discharge dose in chlorpromazine equivalents for the 349 patients for whom antipsychotics were prescribed at discharge was 371 mg/day, 29% higher than the total discharge dose for patients in 1993 and 46% greater than the dose in 1989. The dose of antipsychotics was greater for patients with psychotic illnesses than for those with affective illnesses. Higher doses were associated with greater clinical improvement, polypharmacotherapy, and younger patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Emerging trends toward higher total antipsychotic doses and polypharmacotherapy require critical assessments of cost-benefit relationships

Characterization of time-resolved laser differential phase using 3D complementary cumulative distribution functions

An experimental method for characterizing the time-resolved phase noise of a fast switching tunable laser is discussed. The method experimentally determines a complementary cumulative distribution function of the laser's differential phase as a function of time after a switching event. A time resolved bit error rate of differential quadrature phase shift keying formatted data, calculated using the phase noise measurements, was fitted to an experimental time-resolved bit error rate measurement using a field programmable gate array, finding a good agreement between the time-resolved bit error rates

Are genetic risk factors for psychosis also associated with dimension-specific psychotic experiences in adolescence?

Psychosis has been hypothesised to be a continuously distributed quantitative phenotype and disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder represent its extreme manifestations. Evidence suggests that common genetic variants play an important role in liability to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Here we tested the hypothesis that these common variants would also influence psychotic experiences measured dimensionally in adolescents in the general population. Our aim was to test whether schizophrenia and bipolar disorder polygenic risk scores (PRS), as well as specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as risk variants for schizophrenia, were associated with adolescent dimension-specific psychotic experiences. Self-reported Paranoia, Hallucinations, Cognitive Disorganisation, Grandiosity, Anhedonia, and Parent-rated Negative Symptoms, as measured by the Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire (SPEQ), were assessed in a community sample of 2,152 16-year-olds. Polygenic risk scores were calculated using estimates of the log of odds ratios from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium GWAS stage-1 mega-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The polygenic risk analyses yielded no significant associations between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder PRS and the SPEQ measures. The analyses on the 28 individual SNPs previously associated with schizophrenia found that two SNPs in TCF4 returned a significant association with the SPEQ Paranoia dimension, rs17512836 (p-value=2.57x10-4) and rs9960767 (p-value=6.23x10-4). Replication in an independent sample of 16-year-olds (N=3,427) assessed using the Psychotic-Like Symptoms Questionnaire (PLIKS-Q), a composite measure of multiple positive psychotic experiences, failed to yield significant results. Future research with PRS derived from larger samples, as well as larger adolescent validation samples, would improve the predictive power to test these hypotheses further. The challenges of relating adult clinical diagnostic constructs such as schizophrenia to adolescent psychotic experiences at a genetic level are discussed

Power inside - applications and technologies for integrated power in microelectronics

The emergence of miniaturized and integrated Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) and Power Supply in Package (PwrSiP) platforms will be enabled by the application of thin-film, integrated magnetics on silicon. A process flow for, and the design of, a thin-film coupled-inductor, switching at 60MHz, is described. Based on the large signal characterization data, measured up to 100MHz, the efficiency of the inductor is calculated to be 91.7% for a power of 0.5W