Tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam: studi kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep

Skripsi dengan judul “Tradisi Panangat Pra Nikah Oleh Wali Perempuan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: 1. Bagaimana tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? 2. Bagaimana analisis hukum Islam terhadap tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? Jenis penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode penelitian lapangan, yaitu sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan secara langsung terhadap peristiwa data-data ada di lapangan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah wawancara. Setelah data terkumpul, maka penulis melakukan analisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Dari data-data yang telah diperoleh, pemberian panangat ini telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat Desa Sadulang sudah menjadi turun-temurun sejak dahulu sampai sekarang. Pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang merupakan sebagai syarat wajibnya sebelum melaksanakan perkawinan. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk menghormati atau menghargai wanita yang ingin dinikahi. Proses penentuan panangat tersebut dilakukan dengan cara musyawarah antara pihak laki-laki dengan pihak perempuan, sehingga setelah ada kata sepakat maka perkawinan akan dilangsungkan. Menurut analisis hukum Islam, adat tentang pemberian panangat ada dua yaitu: 1. Di bolehkan selama permintaan panangat tidak memberatkan. 2. Tidak boleh jika permintaan panangat mempersulit atau memberatkan, karena hal itu sangat bertentangan dengan syariat Islam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas hendaknya pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang yang diminta oleh pihak perempuan tidak memberatkan pihak lika-laki, sehingga bagi pemuda yang ingin menyempurnakan separuh agamanya yaitu menikah bisa melangsungkannya, jangan sampai gara-gara permintaan panangat yang terlalu tinggi bisa menghalangi niat baik seseorang yang ingin menikah. Kepada para tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat hendaknya memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat Desa Sadulang tentang pelaksanaan panangat yang tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, karena pada dasarnya masyarakat Desa Sadulang 100% (seratus persen) beragama Islam. Sehingga adat yang berlaku harus sesuai dengan ajaran Islam

Prevalence of antibodies to AMA1 or specific epitopes by age group in the Chonyi cohort.

<p>Antibodies to recombinant AMA1 protein were tested by standard ELISA. Antibodies to specific AMA1 epitopes were measured by assessing the ability of human serum antibodies to inhibit the binding of monoclonal antibodies 1F9 and 2C5 in competition ELISA. (<b>A</b>) IgG to recombinant AMA1 (P&lt;0.001), (<b>B</b>) inhibition of binding of mAb 1F9 epitope (P&lt;0.001), (<b>C</b>) inhibition of binding of mAb 2C5 (P = 0.028). P values were calculated using the Chi square test for trend excluding age 0 (&lt;1) years. Data represent the proportion of individuals with detectable IgG binding or inhibitory activity and error bars indicate 95% CI.</p

Association between specified factors and IgG to CS2-VSA, multivariate analysis.

<p>Association between specified factors and IgG to CS2-VSA, multivariate analysis.</p

Association between antibody responses and risk of clinical malaria in the Chonyi cohort.

<p>Notes.</p>1<p>Children were classified as high and low responders for antibodies based on being above or below the median level for the cohort.</p>2<p>Multivariable Cox proportional hazards adjusted for age.</p>3<p>Hazard ratios show the risk of <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria over a 6 month follow-up period comparing children who were high or low antibody responders to each antigen or epitope.</p>4<p>Parasitemia detected by light microscopy.</p

Levels of inhibition of 1F9-binding by human antibodies according to age group and infection status in the Ngerenya cohort.

<p>Values show the level of inhibition of 1F9 mAb binding to AMA1 by human serum antibodies, stratified by infection status at the time of sample collection and grouped according to age. Boxes indicate median and interquartile range, and whiskers represent 95% CI. Positive 1F9 inhibition was defined as inhibition of 1F9 binding&gt;(mean +2 standard deviations of negative controls = 6.19%). Differences in the level of anti-1F9 activity among age groups was significant amongst aparasitemic individuals (P = 0.020, Kruskal Wallis test), but not amongst parasitemic individuals. The median level of anti-1F9 activity was lower amongst aparasitemic compared to parasitemic individuals (median inhibition [IQR] −0.1% [−2.8–1.7] vs 4.3% [−1.0–13.2], P = 0.002, Mann Whitney U test).</p

Relationship between antibody to CS2 variant surface antigens and IPTp regime, stratified by gravidity.

<p>Relationship between antibody to CS2 variant surface antigens and IPTp regime, stratified by gravidity.</p

Combined antibody responses to AMA1 and the risk of clinical malaria in the Chonyi cohort.

<p>Notes.</p>1<p>Children were classified as high and low responders for antibodies based on being above or below the median level for the cohort. Analysis compared children who were high responders to both antigens versus those who were low responders to both.</p>2<p>Multivariable Cox proportional hazards adjusted for age.</p>3<p>Hazard ratios show the risk of <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria over a 6 month follow-up period.</p

Effects of trypsin pre-incubation, heparin and EGTA on the adhesion of <i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells to immobilised CSA and HA.

<p>(A) Effects of pre-incubation with trypsin on adhesion to CSA. (B) Effects of pre-incubation with trypsin on adhesion to HA. (C) Effects of heparin on binding to immobilized CSA and HA. Black bars: CSA, Grey bars: HA. (D) Effects of EGTA on binding to immobilized CSA and HA. Black bars: CSA, Grey bars: HA. Data are presented as medians with 95% confidence intervals.</p

<i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells (arrows) adherent to the surface of fresh placenta.

<p><i>P.vivax</i> infected red blood cells (arrows) adherent to the surface of fresh placenta.</p

Numbers of <i>P.vivax</i> infected erythrocytes bound to immobilised potential cytoadherence receptors.

<p>HA; hyaluronic acid, CSA: chondroitin sulphate A, TSP: thrombospondin. Numbers are mean values and error bars are standard deviations.</p