6,451 research outputs found
Angler Response to Success in the California Salmon Sportfishery: Evidence and Management Implications
This paper examines effort responsiveness to success in the California salmon partyboat sport fishery. The management process in this important fishery involves setting target harvest levels for both commercial and sportfishing groups and then using closed seasons, restricted gear, and possession limits to dampen effective effort. An important component of the management process involves forecasting sportfishing effort and its effect on catch in order to advance-plan management actions. For want of better information, simple proportionality rules-of-thumb are used currently and this paper examines the plausibility of these. Some simple models forecasting aggregate angler participation and aggregate partyboat catch on a weekly basis are estimated across several different ports. Our findings suggest that anglers are responsive to recent success in several sports (elasticities up to + .5) and that angler participation affects catch with an elasticity exceeding unity. These results indicate that the simple rules of thumb currently in use could be in substantial error.Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
The effect of ambient temperature on cold start urban traffic emissions for a real world SI car
The influence of ambient temperature on exhaust
emissions for an instrumented Euro 1 SI car was
determined. A real world test cycle was used, based on
an urban drive cycle that was similar to the ECE urban
drive cycle. It was based on four laps of a street circuit
and an emissions sample bag was taken for each lap.
The bag for the first lap was for the cold start emissions.
An in-vehicle direct exhaust dual bag sampling
technique was used to simultaneously collect exhaust
samples upstream and downstream of the three-way
catalyst (TWC). The cold start tests were conducted
over a year, with ambient temperatures ranging from –
2°C to 32°C. The exhaust system was instrumented with
thermocouples so that the catalyst light off temperature
could be determined. The results showed that CO
emissions for the cold start were reduced by a factor of
8 downstream of catalyst when ambient temperature
rose from -2°C to 32°C, the corresponding hydrocarbon
emissions were reduced by a factor of 4. There was no
clear relationship between NOx emissions and ambient
temperature. For subsequent laps of the test circuit the
reduction of CO and HC emissions as a function of
ambient temperature was lower. The time for catalyst
light off increased by 50% as the ambient temperature
was reduced. The results show that the vehicle used is
unlikely to meet the new – 7oC cold start CO emission
regulations
Application of a portable FTIR for measuring on-road emissions
The objective of this work was the development of an onroad
in-vehicle emissions measurement technique
utilizing a relatively new, commercial, portable Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrometer capable of
identifying and measuring (at approximately 3 second
intervals) up to 51 different compounds. The FTIR was
installed in a medium class EURO1 spark ignition
passenger vehicle in order to measure on-road
emissions. The vehicle was also instrumented to allow
the logging of engine speed, road speed, global position,
throttle position, air-fuel ratio, air flow and fuel flow in
addition to engine, exhaust and catalyst temperatures.
This instrumentation allowed the calculation of massbased
emissions from the volume-based concentrations
measured by the FTIR. To validate the FTIR data, the
instrument was used to measure emissions from an
engine subjected to a real-world drive cycle using an AC
dynamometer. Standard analyzers were operated
simultaneously for comparison with the FTIR and the
standard analyzer results showed that most pollutants
(NOx, CO2, CO) were within ~10% of a standard analyzer
during steady state conditions and within 20% during
transients. The exception to this was total HC which was
generally 50% or less than actual total HC, but this was
due to the limited number of hydrocarbons measured by
the FTIR. In addition to the regulated emissions, five
toxic hydrocarbon species were analyzed and found to
be sensitive to cold starts in varying proportions. Finally,
FTIR data was compared to results from a commercially
available on-road measurement system (Horiba OBS-
1000), and there was good agreement
Rapid prediction of lab-grown tissue properties using deep learning
The interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix are vital for the
self-organisation of tissues. In this paper we present proof-of-concept to use
machine learning tools to predict the role of this mechanobiology in the
self-organisation of cell-laden hydrogels grown in tethered moulds. We develop
a process for the automated generation of mould designs with and without key
symmetries. We create a large training set with cases by running
detailed biophysical simulations of cell-matrix interactions using the
contractile network dipole orientation (CONDOR) model for the self-organisation
of cellular hydrogels within these moulds. These are used to train an
implementation of the \texttt{pix2pix} deep learning model, reserving
cases that were unseen in the training of the neural network for training and
validation. Comparison between the predictions of the machine learning
technique and the reserved predictions from the biophysical algorithm show that
the machine learning algorithm makes excellent predictions. The machine
learning algorithm is significantly faster than the biophysical method, opening
the possibility of very high throughput rational design of moulds for
pharmaceutical testing, regenerative medicine and fundamental studies of
biology. Future extensions for scaffolds and 3D bioprinting will open
additional applications.Comment: 26 Pages, 11 Figure
High-throughput design of cultured tissue moulds using a biophysical model
The technique presented here identifies tethered mould designs, optimised for
growing cultured tissue with very highly-aligned cells. It is based on a
microscopic biophysical model for polarised cellular hydrogels. There is an
unmet need for tools to assist mould and scaffold designs for the growth of
cultured tissues with bespoke cell organisations, that can be used in
applications such as regenerative medicine, drug screening and cultured meat.
High-throughput biophysical calculations were made for a wide variety of
computer-generated moulds, with cell-matrix interactions and tissue-scale
forces simulated using a contractile-network dipole-orientation model.
Elongated moulds with central broadening and one of the following tethering
strategies are found to lead to highly-aligned cells: (1) tethers placed within
the bilateral protrusions resulting from an indentation on the short edge, to
guide alignment (2) tethers placed within a single vertex to shrink the
available space for misalignment. As such, proof-of-concept has been shown for
mould and tethered scaffold design based on a recently developed biophysical
model. The approach is applicable to a broad range of cell types that align in
tissues and is extensible for 3D scaffolds
Two populations of transition discs?
We examine the distribution of transition discs as a function of mm flux. We
confirm that as expected in any model in which most primordial discs turn into
transition discs and in which mm flux declines with time, transition discs have
lower mm fluxes on average than primordial discs. However, we find that the
incidence of transition discs does not, as expected, fall monotonically towards
large mm fluxes and we investigate the hypothesis that these mm bright
transition discs may have a distinct physical origin. We find that mm bright
transition discs occupy a separate region of parameter space. Transition discs
in the bright mm sub-sample have systematically higher accretion rates and
inner hole radii than those in the faint mm sub-sample, along with being
systematically weighted to earlier spectral types.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted version: mnras letter
Iron absorption and oxidant stress during erythropoietin therapy in very low birth weight premature infants: a cohort study
BACKGROUND: Iron supplementation may be associated with oxidative stress particularly in premature infants. Our purpose was to examine 1) early supplemental iron during treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) and oxidative stress; 2) enhanced iron absorption during EPO in those infants receiving human milk. Therefore, we determined the effect of erythropoietin plus supplemental iron intakes (4 mg/kg/d) on antioxidant status and iron incorporation. METHODS: Ten very-low-birth-weight infants who were enterally fed and receiving either human milk or formula were followed for 4 weeks during erythropoietin therapy; blood and urine were collected at 3 times; baseline, 2 and 4 weeks later. Once oral feeds commenced the study protocol was initiated. After baseline blood collection, a dose of Fe(57 )was administered. Two weeks later, a dose of Fe(58 )was administered as ferrous chloride to determine the effect of human-milk or formula on iron incorporation into RBCs. RESULTS: Infants started the study at 35 ± 13 days. Incorporation of isotope into RBCs did not differ between formula fed for Fe(57 )(mean incorporation 8 ± 2.9 n = 3) compared to human-milk fed infants (8.7 ± 5 n = 7) nor for Fe(58 )(6 ± 2.7 n = 3 vs. 8.6 ± 5 n = 7). Tissue damage measured by malondialdehyde in plasma and F-2 – isoprostanes in urine, did not differ by feed or over time. Neither ability to resist oxidative stress/nor RBC superoxide dismutase differed according to feed or over time. CONCLUSION: Data suggest that during erythropoietin therapy antioxidant defence in VLBW infants are capable of dealing with early supplemental iron during treatment with EPO
Using Remote Sensing and Inclined Drilling to Locate High-Yield Water Wells in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field
The Kentucky Geological Survey has developed a method using lineament analysis in conjunction with inclinced exploration boreholes to identify subsurface fractures in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field. Wells are then drilled to intersect these fractures, with the hope that the wells will be high yielding (greater than 30 gal/min). Lineaments were selected from Landsat TM imagery, side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) imagery, and two enhanced Landsat TM images for over 6,400 square miles of eastern Kentucky. Lineaments were replotted on 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps, and field reconnaissance identified locations where lineaments correlated with straight-line topographic features and fracture zones. Subsquent application of an inclined drilling technique at six sites has resulted in four production wells with yields ranging from 47 to 72 gal/min. All production wells intersected fractured rock.
According to data from the Kentucky Groundwater Data Repository through October 2002, the yields of these four production wells are greater than the yields of 95 percent of the wells drilled in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field.
This study suggests that to minimize the chances of encountering salty groundwater, the best sites for high-yield wells are in first- or second-order stream valleys with fracture zones
Baffin Island Fjord Macrobenthos: Bottom Communities and Environmental Significance
Cluster analysis of the benthos from ten Baffin Island fjords defines six faunal associations. The macrotidal Sunneshine Fiord has a shallow kelp-related Isopod Association. Cambridge Fiord supports a shallow Onuphid Association controlled by gravel from dropstones. A widespread Portlandia Association typified the shallow zones of more recently glaciated fjords where sedimentation rates are high. An Ophiuroid-Anemone Association was defined from current-affected submarine channel environments. A Maldanid Association covered the greatest area in all fjords and passed into an Elasipod Association in the deepest water in Cambridge Fiord. Fjord-head faunas are used to model ecological changes accompanying glacier retreat, from monospecific Portlandia, through mature Portlandia Association to Onuphid Association accompanied by diverse filter feeders and herbivores. Chlamys islandica was found living in Cambridge Fiord, which substantially increases its northern limit.Key words: macrobenthos, Arctic, cluster analysis, bivalve, Quaternary, sedimentMots clés: macrobenthos, Arctique, analyse d’ensemble, bivalve, quaternaire, sédiment
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