Budaya Sekolah: Hubungannya dengan Komitmen Guru

Komitmen guru amat penting bagi memastikan kemenjadian murid seperti mana dalam PPPM 2013- 2025. Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti hubungan budaya sekolah terhadap komitmen guru sekolah rendah di bahagian pedalaman atas negeri Sabah, Malaysia. Kajian berbentuk bukan jenis eksperimental ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan dan menggabungkan tiga teknik pensampelan kebarangkalian untuk mendapatkan sampel. Dua set soal selidik iaitu TCM Employee Commitment Survey (Meyer & Allen, 2004) dan Soal Selidik Budaya Organisasi (Ipek, 1999) digunakan untuk mendapatkan data daripada 458 responden guru. Data dianalisis menggunakan perisian IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Berpandukan analisis deskriptif, didapati budaya sekolah berada pada tahap tinggi. Manakala komitmen guru berada pada tahap sederhana. Berdasarkan analisis statistik inferensi, ujian-t bagi budaya sekolah berdasarkan jantina adalah tidak signifikan (t = 1.434, df = 456, p> 0.05) yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan budaya sekolah berdasarkan jantina. Manakala hasil ujian-t bagi komitmen guru berdasarkan jantina menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan (t = 2.018, df = 456, p<0.05) yang menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan komitmen guru berdasarkan jantina. Melalui ujian Korelasi Pearson didapati terdapat hubungan signifikan yang positif dengan kekuatan yang sederhana (r = 0.427, p<0.01) budaya sekolah dengan komitmen guru. Kajian mencadangkan agar budaya sekolah diamalkan pada tahap tinggi memandangkan terdapat hubungan signifikan yang positif antara budaya sekolah dengan komitmen guru

Kepuasan Komunikasi Guru Sekolah Rendah: Satu Kajian Tinjauan di Bahagian Pedalaman Atas Sabah

Kepuasan komunikasi merupakan jumlah kepuasan terhadap maklumat umum termasuk perubahan dalam polisi organisasi, prosedur, misi, visi, objektif, pencapaian, rancangan, struktur dan keadaan pekerjaan.  Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti kepuasan komunikasi dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah di bahagian pedalaman atas negeri Sabah, Malaysia. Kajian berbentuk bukan jenis eksperimental ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan dan mengabung tiga teknik pensampelan kebarangkalian dalam mendapatkan data. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan satu set soal selidik yang diadaptasi dari Downs dan Hazen (1977) dan ditadbir ke atas 458 orang responden guru. Data dianalisis menggunakan perisian IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Berdasarkan analisis deskriptif, variabel kepuasan komunikasi menunjukkan seramai 410 orang responden (89.5%) berada pada tahap tinggi manakala 48 orang responden (10.5%) berada pada tahap sederhana. Dapatan analisis Ujian-t yang diperoleh adalah tidak signifikan (t = 0.663, df = 456, p>0.05), yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan kepuasan komunikasi berdasarkan jantina.  Melalui ujian ANOVA sehala, kepuasan komunikasi berdasarkan pengalaman mengajar didapati tidak signifikan, [F(df=2, 455) = 1.685, p>0.05]. Kajian menyimpulkan bahawa tiada perbezaan dalam kepuasan komunikasi berdasarkan pengalaman mengajar guru. Kajian mencadangkan agar kepuasan komunikasi guru berada pada tahap tinggi. Hal ini kerana kepuasan komunikasi guru adalah penting untuk memastikan kelancaran perkongsian kemahiran, ilmu, maklumat dan arahan serta mengelakkan konflik dan merupakan kunci kepada kejayaan serta keberhasilan di sekolah

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit