T.E. Donges and the Group Areas Act

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 1 June, 1992In 1950 the minister of the interior T. E. (Eben) Donges, introduced group areas legislation in the house of assembly of parliament. The intention of the legislation, he told its white members, was to "make provision for the establishment of ... separate areas for the different racial groups, by compulsion if necessary.' ‘Separate areas’ referred to residential neighbourhoods and business districts. ‘Racial groups’ were defined by the population registration act passed also during 1950 as comprising three populations: white, coloured and African. As such, group areas were the geographical and spatial expression of apartheid (or as Donges preferred, "separate development with a vertical colour bar') seeking to draw rigid boundaries between the three main racial groupings the apartheid-minded fraternity desired to see emerge

'The group with the flag': Mine hostels as contested institutions

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented February, 1989A majority—almost 99 per cent—of African miners live in mine hostels. These are single-sex quarters located close to mine shafts,and they service the labour needs of individual mines. In the past they have also been called compounds, to refer to the time when the mine quarters were basic and primitive facilities, with large rooms in some instances accommodating up to 90 miners in their public space, no private ablution, toilet facilities, electricity, and minimal, modest service provision. Corporate embarrassment about compound life, brought about in part by a number of academic studies published in the 1970s motivated the mining houses to reform and improve the mine residence, and substantial sums of money were pumped into upgrading, and, as Merle Lipton put it, ameliorating the conditions of mine life. Room size and propinquity were reduced, private ablution and toilet facilities provided, electricity was supplied, and recreation and bar facilities became part of the hostel environment. The compounds were modernised quite considerably in the 1970s, and part of the modernisation was a change also in nomenclature; they became known as hostels, a term denoting mass residence, but free of more or less guaranteed a physically competent work force. It is also true that, since it was first put in place almost a century ago, the compound has been a most important device by which the mine labour force has been sheltered from politics. During the 1980s, as this chapter will show, the mine labour force was irreversibly incorporated into politics, and took a leading role in the politics of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), the largest union federation in the nation today

Alien Registration- Wilmot, James B. (South Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/20615/thumbnail.jp

An account of the operations of the British Army and of the state and sentiments of the people of Portugal and Spain : during the campaigns of the years 1808 & 1809 : in a series of letters

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

Central issues in the law of tort defences

This book is the first part of an investigation into defences in private law. The present volume explores tort law defences. Three further volumes are planned, on unjust enrichment, contract and equity. The chapters that constitute the present volume were delivered at a workshop at All Souls College, Oxford in January 2014. In helping to bring the workshop to fruition, we are grateful, first and foremost, for the support of All Souls College, which provided both the setting for the proceedings and significant financial support. The workshop could not have gone ahead without the further financial assistance of the Oxford Law Faculty and the University of Oxford’s Fell Fund. We were also able to call on several members of the Faculty—both administrative and academic—for guidance. Discussions at the workshop were greatly enriched by the contributions of several observers, including Lord Hoffmann, Timothy Endicott and John Gardner and, on behalf of the Law Commission, Sir David Lloyd-Jones and David Hertzell. Finally, Anna Kim’s patience and efficiency helped immeasurably in the lead up to the workshop. For their assistance in helping to turn the workshop papers into the chapters that feature in this volume, we are grateful to Jodi Gardner, Elizabeth Houghton, Krishnaprasad Kizhakkevalappil, Niranjan Venkatesan and Binesh Hass. We are indebted to Hart Publishing for their editorial assistance, and in particular to Richard Hart for the characteristic enthusiasm and professionalism with which he embraced the project as a whole. Finally, we are grateful to Lord Hoffmann for generously agreeing to write the Foreword

Thinking in terms of contract defences

While the terminology of defences is commonplace in other fields of private law, contract lawyers seem relatively unaccustomed to thinking in terms of defences. For example, although the leading texts in other areas of private law reserve a prominent place for defences, 1 the present edition of Chitty on Contracts does not. 2 Similarly, although Andrew Burrows dedicates Part 4 of his Restatement of the English Law of Unjust Enrichment to defences,3 he includes no equivalent section in his Restatement of the English Law of Contract. Indeed, references to \u27defences\u27 in that work are few and far between

Defences in unjust enrichment: questions and themes

This book is the second in a series of four that is concerned with defences to liability arising in private law. We felt, and still feel, that the topic has not received the attention that it deserves. 1 We are not alone in holding this view. 2 By contrast, defences have dominated the research agendas of many scholars of the criminal law.3 The asymmetry in attention to defences in these different fields is striking in part because of the apparent parallels between the two domains. For instance, the distinction in private law between causes of action and defences arguably mirrors that between offences and defences in the criminal law

The Latin Model of Compensation: Pay and Benefits Systems in Spain, Italy and France

This study begins with a brief discussion of influences shaping the development of industrial relations systems in France, Italy and Spain in the light of labor movement models proposed by Sturmthal and Scoville and by Lipset. It then turns to the early development of the complex systems of compensation found there, as well as implications for the generality of the Dunlop-Rothbaum hypothesis. Against this backdrop, it proceeds to a detailed discussion of compensation systems in the three countries

An investigation into the behaviour of a group of primary school children when using selected mathematical software

Includes Course Papers.Includes bibliographies.Very little is known about how young children think and behave when faced by computers and the broad array of mathematical software available. Much of the software has been developed by adults in the way adults see young children reasoning. A class of twenty English-speaking boys of approximately 12 years of age were exposed to carefully selected mathematical software without adult (teacher) interference, to clarify how these pupils would react to that software. Special focus was placed on the interactions of three children throughout the series of twenty lessons, using two video cameras to record their behaviour. The size of the groupings was changed to consider the effect of group size on the pupils' interactions. Various 'themes' evolved out of reviewing the video recordings. These 'themes' were then linked to Research data. It appears that these pupils had great trouble in reading and interpreting instructions accurately. Also, the software made assumptions of what the pupils could do. The interaction and collaboration by the boys seemed at its best when they were in a group of two as 'peer equals'. The class recognised and used the services of those boys they considered 'experts' in the use of computers. The video-recordings showed that the pupils preferred having pencil and paper available to record information and their estimations, rather than having to rely on memory. It seemed to give permanence to their thoughts and make these more explicit and organised. An analysis of the data also showed that the software and the boys' reaction to it was distinctly sexist. The names of the software (SNOOKER, PILOT, MATHS - CARS IN MOTION, etc.) can be seen as male. The boys gave the computer a 'personality' and referred to it as a 'he'. Also, a disturbing tendency among these pupils was the way they interpreted the software and reacted to it in a distinctive military fashion. This can be attributed to the boys having to battle, explode or bomb their way to victory; to shoot something or be shot in much of the software available. My role of being 'non-expert' was an extremely difficult one as the pupils had expectations of me, and the shortcomings in the software obliged some form of interference. My conclusions are that the mathematical software needs to be appropriate and relevant to what is being done in the class rather than to exist on its own outside of it, and that it could aid the pupil to think about his thinking

Biomineralisation in the Palaeozoic oceans: evidence for simultaneous crystallisation of high and low magnesium calcite by phacopine trilobites

The chemical composition and microstructure of the calcite cuticles of eleven species of phacopine trilobites have been investigated by electron beam imaging, diffraction, and microanalysis, and results reveal that the lenses of their schizochroal eyes differed significantly in chemical composition from the rest of the cuticle in vivo. Apart from the eye lenses, most cuticles are inferred to have escaped extensive recrystallisation because their constituent crystals are sub-micrometre in size and have a preferred orientation that is consistent between species. Their current compositions of ~1.4 to 2.4 mol% MgCO3 are likely to be close to original values, although as they commonly luminesce and contain detectable manganese and iron, some diagenetic alteration has taken place. The associated lenses have a microstructure that is suitable for focusing light, yet are optically turbid owing to the presence within calcite of micropores and crystals of microdolomite, apatite, celestite and pyrite. The microdolomite indicates that lenses recrystallised from an original high-Mg calcite composition and this is supported by the presence of nanometre-scale modulated microstructures in both the calcite and dolomite. These lenses currently contain ~1 to 6 mol% MgCO3, and by comparison with the proportion of magnesium lost from echinoderm stereom in the same thin sections, may have contained ~7.5 mol% MgCO3 in vivo. In some samples, more extensive diagenetic alteration is evidenced by recrystallisation of the cuticle including lenses to coarse equant calcite or enrichment of the cuticle, but not necessarily the lenses, in magnesium accompanying replacement by a Mg–Fe phyllosilicate. The phacopine trilobites had to modify partition coefficients for magnesium considerably in order to grow lenses with contrasting compositions to the rest of their cuticles, and such a strong vital effect on biomineralisation suggests that incorporation of magnesium was essential for functioning of their calcite optical s