Unguarded Recursion on Coinductive Resumptions

We study a model of side-effecting processes obtained by starting from a monad modelling base effects and adjoining free operations using a cofree coalgebra construction; one thus arrives at what one may think of as types of non-wellfounded side-effecting trees, generalizing the infinite resumption monad. Correspondingly, the arising monad transformer has been termed the coinductive generalized resumption transformer. Monads of this kind have received some attention in the recent literature; in particular, it has been shown that they admit guarded iteration. Here, we show that they also admit unguarded iteration, i.e. form complete Elgot monads, provided that the underlying base effect supports unguarded iteration. Moreover, we provide a universal characterization of the coinductive resumption monad transformer in terms of coproducts of complete Elgot monads.Comment: 47 pages, extended version of http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157106611500079

Quantitative analysis of in situ time-resolved RHEED during growth of self-catalysed GaAs nanowires

Die morphologischen und kristallographischen Eigenschaften vertikaler, freistehender Nanodrähte, welche mittels der Dampf-Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Methode (VLS) gezüchtet werden, sind durch ein kompliziertes Wechselspiel der Wachstumsparameter während des Herstellungsprozesses beeinflusst. Das Verständnis und die Kontrolle dieser dynamischen Prozesse sind folglich Voraussetzung für die Herstellung von Nanodrähten mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften. Zeitaufgelöste $\textit{in situ}$ Charakterisierungsmethoden ermöglichen die direkte Beobachtung und Analyse solcher dynamischen Prozesse, sowie deren Wechselwirkung. Die $\textit{in situ}$ Beugung hochenergetischer Elektronen unter streifendem Einfall (RHEED) spielt in der gegenwärtigen Nanodrahtforschung unter den kristallographischen $\textit{in situ}$ Charakterisierungsmethoden, aufgrund der bisherigen Beschränkung auf rein $\textit{qualitative}$ Analysen, eine untergeordnete Rolle, obwohl eine umfassende Verfügbarkeit der Methode an fast allen Molekularstrahlepitaxie-Anlagen besteht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Ansatz zur $\textit{quantitativen}$ Auswertung von zeitaufgelösten Intensitätsverläufen der $\textit{in situ}$ gemessenen RHEED Beugungsbildern entwickelt, welche während des Wachstums von vertikaler, freistehender Nanodrähte in Transmissionsgeometrie gemessen werden. Auf dieser Basis werden methodische Einschränkungen der $\textit{qualitativen}$ Analyse überwunden. Über die Intensitätsverläufe charakteristischer Beugungsreflexe der verschiedenen Kristallphasen erlaubt RHEED die $\textit{quantitative}$ Untersuchung von in III-V Nanodrähten auftretenden strukturellen Polytypismus. In der Arbeit wird dazu ein Simulationsprogramm entwickelt, welches sowohl die Wechselwirkungen der Elektronen mit einzelnen Nanodrähten als auch den Einfluss des gesamten Nanodrahtensembles auf die gebeugten Intensitäten abschätzt, sowie deren Dynamik während der Nanodrahtherstellung berücksichtigt. Mittels Simulationen werden Einflüsse morphologischer und kristallographischer Veränderungen während des Wachstums auf die resultierenden Intensitätsverläufe der Beugungsreflexe untersucht und deren Ursache diskutiert. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen, Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen der Methode für $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED Studien des Nanodrahtwachstums werden dabei identifiziert. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die bei RHEED an Nanodrähten durch Elektronenabsorption verursachte Elektronenschattenbildung, zu einem auf die Nanodrahtspitze reduzierten Informationsvolumen führt, was RHEED unempfindlich für die untere, abgeschattete Nanodrahtregion macht. Die erhöhte höhenselektive Sensitivität von $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED gegenüber der Nanodrahtspitze eignet sich insbesondere dazu, komplementäre Informationen zu den etablierten $\textit{in situ}$ Charakterisierungsmethoden, wie $\textit{in situ}$ Röntgenbeugung (XRD), zu erhalten. Simultan durchgeführte $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED und $\textit{in situ}$ XRD Experimente während der Herstellung von selbstkatalysierten GaAs Nanodrähten erlaubten es, diese Komplementarität auszunutzen. Während $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED vorrangig Informationen über die Kristallstruktur an der Nanodrahtspitze liefert, untersucht $\textit{in situ}$ XRD das gesamte Nanodrahtvolumen. Zusammen mit abschließender $\textit{ex situ}$ Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM), erhält man umfassende und repräsentative Informationen über die morphologische und kristallographische Entwicklung großer Nanodrahtensembles während des Wachstums. Darüber hinaus wird $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED als laborbasierte, eigenständige Methode etabliert. Es wird gezeigt, dass $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED untersetzt mit angemessenem $\textit{a priori}$ Wissen, eine leistungsfähige Charakterisierungstechnik der Nanodraht-Kristallstruktur ist und sich daher auch für grundlegende Nanodraht-Wachstumsstudien mit gängigen Molekularstrahlepitaxie-Anlagen eignet. Mit Hilfe der hier vorgestellten Datenanalyseprozeduren konnte allein mittels laborbasierter $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED- und REM-Analytik ein kürzlich publiziertes theoretisches VLS-Wachstumsmodell an großen Nanodrahtensembles $\textit{quantitativ}$ verifiziert werden. Zusammenfassend ebnen die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse den Weg für die Verwendung von $\textit{quantitativem}$ $\textit{in situ}$ RHEED während des Nanodrahtwachstums, sowohl als eigenständige, laborbasierte, wie auch als komplementär zu anderen Charakterisierungsmethoden einsetzbare $\textit{in situ}$ Analysemethode der Kristallstruktur

Cost and performance modeling for Earth system data management and beyond

Current and anticipated storage environments confront domain scientist and data center operators with usability, performance and cost challenges. The amount of data upcoming system will be required to handle is expected to grow exponentially, mainly due to increasing resolution and affordable compute power. Unfortunately, the relationship between cost and performance is not always well understood requiring considerable effort for educated procurement. Within the Centre of Excellence in Simulation of Weather and Climate in Europe (ESiWACE) models to better understand cost and performance of current and future systems are being explored. This paper presents models and methodology focusing on, but not limited to, data centers used in the context of climate and numerical weather prediction. The paper concludes with a case study of alternative deployment strategies and outlines the challenges anticipating their impact on cost and performance. By publishing these early results, we would like to make the case to work towards standard models and methodologies collaboratively as a community to create sufficient incentives for vendors to provide specifications in formats which are compatible to these modeling tools. In addition to that, we see application for such formalized models and information in I/O re lated middleware, which are expected to make automated but reasonable decisions in increasingly heterogeneous data centers

Simulation of hierarchical storage systems for TCO and QoS

Due to the variety of storage technologies deep storage hierarchies turn out to be the most feasible choice to meet performance and cost requirements when handling vast amounts of data. Long-term archives employed by scientific users are mainly reliant on tape storage, as it remains the most cost-efficient option. Archival systems are often loosely integrated into the HPC storage infrastructure. In expectation of exascale systems and in situ analysis also burst buffers will require integration with the archive. Exploring new strategies and developing open software for tape systems is a hurdle due to the lack of affordable storage silos and availability outside of large organizations and due to increased wariness requirements when dealing with ultra-durable data. Lessening these problems by providing virtual storage silos should enable community-driven innovation and enable site operators to add features where they see fit while being able to verify strategies before deploying on production systems. Different models for the individual components in tape systems are developed. The models are then implemented in a prototype simulation using discrete event simulation. The work shows that the simulations can be used to approximate the behavior of tape systems deployed in the real world and to conduct experiments without requiring a physical tape system

A Semantics for Hybrid Iteration

The recently introduced notions of guarded traced (monoidal) category and guarded (pre-)iterative monad aim at unifying different instances of partial iteration whilst keeping in touch with the established theory of total iteration and preserving its merits. In this paper we use these notions and the corresponding stock of results to examine different types of iteration for hybrid computations. As a starting point we use an available notion of hybrid monad restricted to the category of sets, and modify it in order to obtain a suitable notion of guarded iteration with guardedness interpreted as progressiveness in time - we motivate this modification by our intention to capture Zeno behaviour in an arguably general and feasible way. We illustrate our results with a simple programming language for hybrid computations and interpret it over the developed semantic foundations

Environmental racism in colonial continuity: extractivism, socioecological crisis and the Mapuche struggle in Southern Chile

In recent decades, extractivist industries in Chile have expanded significantly. One of these activities is industrial forestry, which is oriented towards the export of large quantities of pulp and is now one of the country’s most important economic sectors. However, its extremely extensive monocultures of pine and eucalyptus plantations in the central south of Chile are associated with widespread social exclusion and ecological destruction. But forestry is not the only source of conflict. In recent decades, Indigenous territory has been revalued for its potential to produce non-conventional renewable energies, which has meant the deployment of numerous hydroelectric, wind and photovoltaic projects that have opened up a new field of conflict. This is especially true in the former territory of the indigenous Mapuche. Their mode of production and living is particularly affected by the destruction of the ecosystems by forest plantations and energy projects. Our contribution shows, first, that especially in the context of progressive climate change, these industrial activities in the central south of Chile lead to considerable ecological destruction and social exclusion. Second, we demonstrate how this primarily affects the indigenous Mapuche and, third, how this can be understood as “environmental racism in colonial continuity”. Finally, our contribution will deal with the question of how the situation in Chile is currently being managed politically and how this is to be assessed

Quantitative analysis of time-resolved RHEED during growth of vertical nanowires

We present an approach for quantitative evaluation of time-resolved reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity patterns measured during the growth of vertical, free-standing nanowires (NWs). The approach considers shadowing due to attenuation by absorption and extinction within the individual nanowires and estimates the time dependence of its influence on the RHEED signal of the nanowire ensemble as a function of instrumental RHEED parameters and the growth dynamics averaged over the nanowire ensemble. The developed RHEED simulation model takes into account the nanowire structure evolution related to essential growth aspects, such as axial growth, radial growth with tapering and facet growth, as well as so-called parasitic intergrowth on the substrate. It also considers the influence of the NW density, which turns out to be a sensitive parameter for the time-dependent interpretation of the intensity patterns. Finally, the application potential is demonstrated by evaluating experimental data obtained during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of self-catalysed GaAs nanowires. We demonstrate, how electron shadowing enables a time-resolved analysis of the crystal structure evolution at the top part of the growing NWs. The approach offers direct access to study growth dynamics of polytypism in nanowire ensembles at the growth front region under standard growth conditions