Estimativas do nível de mortalidade e de esperança de vida para o Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em 1970

Resultados preliminares do Censo Demográfico de 1970, são utilizados para a determinação do nível de mortalidade no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Através da teoria de populações estáveis e de tábuas de vida modelo, encontrou-se tábuas de sobrevivência para os sexos masculino e feminino. Acredita-se que estas tábuas refletem as condições de mortalidade vigentes nos períodos próximos a data censitária.Preliminary results of the 1970 Demographic Census in Brazil lead the author to determining the mortality level for the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Life Tables for males and females were found through stable population theory and model life tables. It is believed that those tables reflect mortality conditions of the State of S. Paulo during the period close to me Census date

Sobre a força de mortalidade na construção de tábuas de sobrevivência

Life tables construction has been simplified through the assumption of a constant force of mortality in each age group. In this paper further advantages are shown, concerning both the conceptual nature and simpler calculations derived from that assumption.A construção das tábuas de sobrevivência vem sendo, recentemente, simplificada através da pressuposição de constância da força de mortalidade para cada grupo etário. Neste trabalho, mostram-se vantagens adicionais de tal suposição, tanto de caráter conceitual como de cálculos

Fatores de risco para mortalidade em idosos

OBJECTIVE: The risk factors for diseases and premature deaths are important in drawing up preventive measures. This study had the aim of analyzing the risk factors for death among elderly people. METHODS: This study was carried out among participants in the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Aging) study, in the city of São Paulo in 2000. Interviews were conducted with 2,143 elderly people (60 years old or over), using a standardized questionnaire for the SABE study. The sample was obtained from census tracts, in two stages, with replacements and with probability proportional to the population, and with supplementation of the sample of people aged 75 years or over. The final data were weighted so that they could be expanded. Between the two data collection times, there were 38 deaths which comprised study sample. Logistic regression was utilized for the data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The risk factors found were: locomotion difficulty, advanced age, male gender, self-assessment of health as "bad" and difficulty in going to the bathroom, OR=3.15; 2.93; 2.90; 2.69 and 2.51, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results may contribute towards the adoption of preventive measures for elderly people, with the aim of diminishing the expected number of fatal outcomes.OBJETIVO: Os fatores de risco para as doenças e mortes prematuras são importantes para a elaboração de condutas preventivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar os fatores de risco para óbito entre idosos. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no Município de São Paulo, em participantes do estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento), em 2000. Foram entrevistados 2.143 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, utilizando-se o questionário padronizado do estudo SABE. A amostra foi obtida de setores censitários em dois estágios, com reposição e com probabilidade proporcional à população, com complementação da amostra de pessoas de 75 anos ou mais. Os dados finais foram ponderados para poderem ser expandidos. Entre os dois períodos de coleta de dados ocorreram 38 óbitos que compuseram a amostra do estudo. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se regressão logística, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os fatores de risco encontrados foram: dificuldade de locomoção, idade avançada, gênero masculino, auto-avaliação de saúde como "má" e dificuldade para ir ao banheiro, OR=3,15; 2,93; 2,90; 2,69 e 2,51, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados podem contribuir para a adoção de medidas preventivas para os idosos, visando à diminuição de desfechos fatais antecipados

Análise da prevalência e fatores associados à incontinência urinária entre idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil: Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento)

To investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly people living in São Paulo, Brazil and their associated risk factors. The Pan-American Health Organization and World Health Organization coordinated a multicenter study named Health, Wellbeing and Aging (SABE Study) in elderly people (over 60 years old) living in seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Brazil, the study was carried out in São Paulo in the year 2000. The total Brazilian sample included 2,143 people. The prevalence of self reported urinary incontinence was 11.8% among men and 26.2% for women. It was verified that among those reporting urinary incontinence, 37% also reported stroke and 34% depression. It was found that the greater the dependence that the elderly people presented, the greater the prevalence of urinary incontinence. The associated factors found were depression (odds ratio = 2.49), female (2.42), advanced age (2.35), important functional limitation (2.01). Urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent symptom among the elderly population of the municipality of São Paulo, especially among women. The adoption of preventive measures can reduce the negative effects of urinary incontinence.Investigar a prevalência de incontinência urinária entre idosos de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatores associados e de risco. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e a Organização Mundial da Saúde coordenaram estudo multicêntrico denominado Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Estudo SABE) em pessoas idosas (60 anos ou mais) que vivem em sete países da América Latina e Caribe. No Brasil, o estudo populacional foi realizado no Município de São Paulo no ano 2000. A amostra total brasileira foi de 2.143 pessoas. A prevalência da incontinência urinária auto-referida foi de 11,8% entre homens e 26,2% entre mulheres. Verificou-se que entre aqueles que relataram incontinência urinária, 37% também relataram acidente vascular cerebral e 34%, depressão. Observou-se que quanto maior a dependência do idoso, maior era a prevalência de incontinência urinária. Os fatores associados encontrados foram depressão (OR = 2,49), sexo feminino (2,42), idade avançada (2,35), limitação funcional (2,01). Incontinência urinária é um sintoma altamente prevalente entre a população idosa do Município de São Paulo, especialmente entre as mulheres. A adoção de medidas preventivas pode reduzir os efeitos negativos da incontinência urinária

Depressive symptoms and alcohol correlates among Brazilians aged 14 years and older: a cross-sectional study

Background: the associations between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related disorders, drinking patterns and other characteristics of alcohol use are important public health issues worldwide. This study aims to study these associations in an upper middle-income country, Brazil, and search for related socio-demographic correlations in men and women.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2005 and April 2006. the sample of 3,007 participants, selected using a multistage probabilistic sampling method, represents the Brazilian population aged 14 and older. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and alcohol dependence was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Associations assessed using bi-variate analysis were tested using Rao-Scott measures. Gender specific multinomial logistic regression models were developed.Results: Among the participants with alcohol dependence, 46% had depressive symptoms (17.2% mild/moderate and 28.8% major/severe; p < 0.01); 35.8% (p = 0.08) of those with alcohol abuse and 23.9% (p < 0.01) of those with a binge-drinking pattern also had depressive symptoms. Alcohol abstainers and infrequent drinkers had the highest prevalence of major/severe depressive symptoms, whereas frequent heavy drinkers had the lowest prevalence of major/severe depressive symptoms. in women, alcohol dependence and the presence of one or more problems related to alcohol consumption were associated with higher risks of major/severe depressive symptoms. Among men, alcohol dependence and being = 45 years old were associated with higher risks of major/severe depressive symptoms.Conclusions: in Brazil, the prevalence of depressive symptoms is strongly related to alcohol dependence; the strongest association was between major/severe depressive symptoms and alcohol dependence in women. This survey supports the possible association of biopsychosocial distress, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Brazil. Investing in education, social programs, and care for those with alcohol dependence and major/severe depressive symptoms, especially for such women, and the development of alcohol prevention policies may be components of a strategic plan to reduce the prevalence of depression and alcohol problems in Brazil. Such a plan may also promote the socio-economic development of Brazil and other middle-income countries.Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Department Psychiat, BR-15085420 Sao Jos Rio Preto, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo FMRP, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Social Med, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Dept Clin Med, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, BrazilUniv Texas Dallas, Dallas Reg Campus, Sch Publ Hlth, Dallas, TX 75390 USAUniv São Paulo, FMRP USP, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Dept Neurosci & Behav, BR-14048900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilINCT Translat Med, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Department Psychiat, BR-15085420 Sao Jos Rio Preto, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Índice de status sócio-econômico da família da mulher grávida que freqüenta o Centro de Saúde Geraldo de Paula Souza da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo

Following a modified scheme of Max Weber's theoretical framework applied to the study of Social Stratification, was sought the conceptual basis for making an Index of Family Social Economic Status. After selecting the usual socio-economic variable - occupation, income and education - as indicators of family status, the respective weights were obtained by a statistical criterion (zero order correlation between each variable and the total score). According to its total score, each family is located in a certain social group, which represents a stratum in the rank system.A partir de uma modificação do esquema teórico de Max Weber, aplicado ao estudo do fenômeno da estratificação social, procurou-se a base conceptual para a elaboração de um índice de status sócio-econômico familiar. Selecionados os indicadores ocupação, renda e educação, consagrados pela literatura sociológica, os pesos respectivos foram obtidos através de um critério estatístico (correlação de cada variável com o "score" total). Cada status familiar, representado por um "score" total, encontra-se referido a um estrato no sistema de estratificação considerado

Relação do tempo de uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais orais e tempo para conceber

A total of 565 women was partioned in four groups: the control group with 155 women, who started the sexual life without any contraceptive control; group I, with 162 women who had been taking oral contraceptive during a period of one year, starting at the beginning of their sexual lifes; group II, with 127 women who had "been taking the same oral contraceptive during a period of 2 years starting at the beginning of their sexual lifes; group III, with 121 women who repeated the same procedure during a period of 3 years. All the 565 women had the same social economic status and the same health conditions; were between 19 and 25 years old and used the contraceptive in a same way. The frequency distributions of time required for conception showed a clear difference between groups control and I as compared to groups II and III. The analysis of variance confirmed the difference. Based on these results, it is concluded that oral hormonal contraceptive after the second year of continous use interfer with the reproductive system, this determining a larger time required for conception.Observou-se um total de 565 mulheres pareadas segundo idade, nível sócio-econômico e estado de saúde, divididas em quatro grupos. Um grupo controle com 155 mulheres e três grupos de estudo sendo: grupo I com 162 mulheres que tomaram anticoncepcional hormonal oral durante um ano; grupo II com 127 mulheres que tomaram o mesmo anticoncepcional por dois anos e o grupo III, com 121 mulheres, repetiu as mesmas condições por três anos. Todas tomaram o mesmo anticoncepcional sob a mesma forma. Feitas as curvas de freqüência relacionando tempo de uso com tempo para conceber, verificou-se uma significativa diferença entre as curvas dos grupos controle e I em relação aos grupos II e III. O material foi submetido à análise de variância que confirmou os resultados das curvas. Conclui-se que o uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais orais, a partir do segundo ano, interfere com o sistema reprodutor determinando um aumento de prazo para conceber em relação aos grupos controle e de um ano de uso

Avaliação quantitativa de serviços de pré-natal

Six items are proposed in order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the activities in the prenatal services. Indexes of phyhidans' activities and degree of protection atainned by patients are: 1) the number of consults by doctor-hour/year; 2) the number of possible consults; 3) the mean number of consults by pregnants; 4) the ratio between registrations and consults (other than the first) by month; 5) mean age of pregnancy at the time of registration. These data are examined in relation to the quality of the services, i. e., doctor's presence, nurses, internation facilities, laboratory, prescriptions, courses and social care. It seems that those indexes exhibit not only the quantity of services offered but as well, their quality. Ten prenatal services were observed during a period of 4 years. Their activities were evaluated through the indexes mentioned, and a low productivity was found in their majority, with too high number of vacant hours and a small number of consults. The assumed relationship between quality of services and a higher prenatal center attendance is not clear, unless where the service offer is intensive.São propostos 6 itens de avaliação quantitativa de atividades de serviços de Pré-Natal. São referidos, como indicadores de atividades dos médicos e grau de proteção oferecida às gestantes: 1) a média de consultas por hora/ano por médico; 2) o número de consultas possíveis; 3) a média de consultas por gestante; 4) a proporção entre matrículas e consultas em continuação por mês; 5) média de idade da gestação na matrícula. Procurou-se relacionar estes dados com a qualificação apresentada pelos serviços, ou seja, presença de médico, enfermeira, facilidades para internação, laboratório, medicamentos, cursos e assistência social. Estes indicadores parecem revelar, quando associados, não só a quantidade de serviços prestados, como também indiretamente a sua qualificação. Foram observados 10 serviços de Pré-Natal durante 4 anos de atividades, estas avaliadas pelos indicadores propostos. Revelou-se a predominância de baixa produtividade na maioria deles, com excessivo número de horas ociosas, bem como, número pequeno de consultas para as matrículas. A relação presumida entre qualificação de serviços e maior freqüência ao pré-natal, não se revelou clara a não ser quando oferecida intensamente

Depressive symptoms and alcohol correlates among Brazilians aged 14 years and older: a cross-sectional study

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud The associations between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related disorders, drinking patterns and other characteristics of alcohol use are important public health issues worldwide. This study aims to study these associations in an upper middle-income country, Brazil, and search for related socio-demographic correlations in men and women.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2005 and April 2006. The sample of 3,007 participants, selected using a multistage probabilistic sampling method, represents the Brazilian population aged 14 and older. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and alcohol dependence was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Associations assessed using bi-variate analysis were tested using Rao-Scott measures. Gender specific multinomial logistic regression models were developed.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Among the participants with alcohol dependence, 46% had depressive symptoms (17.2% mild/moderate and 28.8% major/severe; p < 0.01); 35.8% (p = 0.08) of those with alcohol abuse and 23.9% (p < 0.01) of those with a binge-drinking pattern also had depressive symptoms. Alcohol abstainers and infrequent drinkers had the highest prevalence of major/severe depressive symptoms, whereas frequent heavy drinkers had the lowest prevalence of major/severe depressive symptoms. In women, alcohol dependence and the presence of one or more problems related to alcohol consumption were associated with higher risks of major/severe depressive symptoms. Among men, alcohol dependence and being ≥45 years old were associated with higher risks of major/severe depressive symptoms.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud In Brazil, the prevalence of depressive symptoms is strongly related to alcohol dependence; the strongest association was between major/severe depressive symptoms and alcohol dependence in women. This survey supports the possible association of biopsychosocial distress, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Brazil. Investing in education, social programs, and care for those with alcohol dependence and major/severe depressive symptoms, especially for such women, and the development of alcohol prevention policies may be components of a strategic plan to reduce the prevalence of depression and alcohol problems in Brazil. Such a plan may also promote the socio-economic development of Brazil and other middle-income countries.Brazilian National Secretariat on Drug Policies (SENAD) [grant number 017/2003]

Anthropophilic activity of Aedes aegypti and of Aedes albopictus in area under control and surveillance

OBJECTIVE: To describe the hematophagous activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in an area under control and surveillance. METHODS: The study was conducted during 18 months, from April, 1993 to October, 1994, in Cosmópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil. Human baits were used to collect mosquitoes. The number of females captured is presented monthly by area of the city and local in the household. The rainfall was measured and indices are presented without model adjustment. RESULTS: The presence of females of both species was observed in 83% (Ae albopictus) and 61% (Ae. aegypti) of the period studied. The months of January, February and March presented the highest rates of activity for females of both species, with Ae. albopictus being more frequently captured than Ae. aegypti. Both species were captured in central and peripheral areas of the city, during the day from 9 to 12 am and from 4 to 7 pm. By a Poisson regression, it was observed that Ae. albopictus females were more frequently captured in the peri-housed area, in an independent way considering the area of the city. CONCLUSIONS: It has been identified difference on the hematophagous activity only for Ae. albopictus, being of importance the outside area of the house.OBJETIVO: Descrever a atividade de hematofagia de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em área submetida ao controle e à vigilância entomológica. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado de abril de 1993 a setembro de 1994, na cidade de Cosmópolis, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se isca humana para coleta dos exemplares. Calculou-se o número médio mensal de fêmeas capturadas por domicílio segundo as áreas central e periférica do município e os locais intra e peridomiciliar. Apresenta-se o índice pluviométrico mensal sem ajuste de modelo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se a presença de fêmeas das espécies em 83% (Ae. albopictus) e 61% (Ae. aegypti) do período estudado. Os meses de janeiro, fevereiro e março apresentaram maior atividade de fêmeas para as duas espécies, com maior presença de Ae. albopictus do que de Ae. aegypti. Os exemplares foram capturados na área central e periférica da cidade, nos períodos matutino, das 9:00 às 12:00 e crepuscular vespertino, das 16:00 às 19:00. Com utilização de modelo de regressão de Poisson, observou-se que fêmeas de Ae. albopictus foram mais capturadas no peridomicílio, independente se área central ou periférica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi detectada diferença no perfil de atividade da hematofagia somente para o Ae. albopictus, sendo de relevância o peridomicílio