Tabaquismo, complicaciones relacionadas y perspectivas de tratamiento

Objetivo: Proveer al lector de la mejor y más completa información, en forma ordenada y concreta, acerca deltabaquismo, los problemas que acarrea, la importancia de la prevención, control y deshabituación tabáquica.Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos electrónicas anivel mundial, se analizó y organizó la información de acuerdo a su relevancia, de acuerdo al criterio de losautores. Conclusiones: El tabaco es responsable de un gran número de enfermedades, por lo cual se debenreforzar las estrategias de control y prevención, teniendo en cuenta que se ha demostrado que la industriatabacalera posee estrategias para adaptarse a las diferentes legislaciones. También se deben impulsar yfomentar los programas de deshabituación tabáquica, seleccionando el mejor de acuerdo a las necesidadesde cada persona y ventajas e inconvenientes que pueden presentar cada uno de estos programas, de formaque se preste una atención individualizada para lograr el mayor beneficio de cada paciente. PALABRAS CLAVE: Tabaco. Cáncer. Prevención.Tratamiento farmacológico. Bupropión. Terapia sustitutiva denicotina

Descripción clínica y anatomopatológica de dos casos

La holoprosencefalia es una de las más graves y la más común de las malformaciones cerebrales y faciales; consiste en la diverticulación nula o incompleta del prosencéfalo embrionario hacia los hemisferios cerebrales y ventrículos laterales; se acompaña de defectos en las estructuras de la línea media como boca y nariz, es de aparición temprana en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central y ocurre como consecuencia de una posible falla en un conjunto de moléculas, que incluyen la proteína Sonic Hedgehog y a la superfamilia de genes BMP, indispensables para la formación normal del encéfalo; además, se ha asociado con anomalías en los cromosomas 13, 3, 7 y 18. Hasta el momento, el diagnóstico y clasifi cación es anatomopatológico.Se describen dos casos de la variante semilobar diagnosticados por ecografía, y posteriormente por necropsia. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer dichos casos y hacer una breve descripción del mecanismo fi- siopatológico implicado.  Palabras clave: Holoprosencefalia. Aberraciones cromosómicas. Paladar fisurado. &nbsp

Descripción clínica y anatomopatológica de dos casos de holoprosencefalia

La holoprosencefalia es una de las más graves y la más común de las malformaciones cerebrales y faciales; consiste en la diverticulación nula o incompleta del prosencéfalo embrionario hacia los hemisferios cerebrales y ventrículos laterales; se acompaña de defectos en las estructuras de la línea media como boca y nariz, es de aparición temprana en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central y ocurre como consecuencia de una posible falla en un conjunto de moléculas, que incluyen la proteína Sonic Hedgehog y a la superfamilia de genes BMP, indispensables para la formación normal del encéfalo; además, se ha asociado con anomalías en los cromosomas 13, 3, 7 y 18. Hasta el momento, el diagnóstico y clasificación es anatomo-patológico. Se describen dos casos de la variante semilobar diagnosticados por ecografía, y posteriormente por necropsia. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer dichos casos y hacer una breve descripción del mecanismo fisiopatológico implicado.  Palabras clave: Holoprosencefalia. Aberraciones cromosómicas. Paladar fisurado.     The holoproscencephaly is one of the most serious and common among the facial and brain malformations; it consists in the incomplete or null diverticulation of the embrionary prosencefalus through the brain hemispheres and lateral ventricles; is accompanied by defects of the middle line structures, as mouth and nose, it has and early showing in the development of the central nervous system, and it occurs as a consequence of a possible failure over a set of molecules, that include the Sonic Hedgehog protein, and the superfamily genes BPM, indispensable to the normal formation of the encephalon, moreover it has been associated with anomalies over the 13, 3, 7 and 18 chromosomes. Till now, the diagnostic and classification is anatomic-pathologic. It describes two cases of the semilobar diagnostic by ecography, and later by necropsy. The objective of this article is to expose thy cases and done a brief description of the physiopathology involve mechanism.  Keywords: Holoproscencephaly. Chromosome Aberrations. Cleft Palate

The Tree Biodiversity Network (BIOTREE-NET): prospects for biodiversity research and conservation in the Neotropics

Biodiversity research and conservation efforts in the tropics are hindered by the lack of knowledge of the assemblages found there, with many species undescribed or poorly known. Our initiative, the Tree Biodiversity Network (BIOTREE-NET), aims to address this problem by assembling georeferenced data from a wide range of sources, making these data easily accessible and easily queried, and promoting data sharing. The database (GIVD ID NA-00-002) currently comprises ca. 50,000 tree records of ca. 5,000 species (230 in the IUCN Red List) from \u3e2,000 forest plots in 11 countries. The focus is on trees because of their pivotal role in tropical forest ecosystems (which contain most of the world\u27s biodiversity) in terms of ecosystem function, carbon storage and effects on other species. BIOTREE-NET currently focuses on southern Mexico and Central America, but we aim to expand coverage to other parts of tropical America. The database is relational, comprising 12 linked data tables. We summarise its structure and contents. Key tables contain data on forest plots (including size, location and date(s) sampled), individual trees (including diameter, when available, and both recorded and standardised species name), species (including biological traits of each species) and the researchers who collected the data. Many types of queries are facilitated and species distribution modelling is enabled. Examining the data in BIOTREE-NET to date, we found an uneven distribution of data in space and across biomes, reflecting the general state of knowledge of the tropics. More than 90% of the data were collected since 1990 and plot size varies widely, but with most less than one hectare in size. A wide range of minimum sizes is used to define a \u27tree\u27. The database helps to identify gaps that need filling by further data collection and collation. The data can be publicly accessed through a web application at http://portal.biotreenet.com. Researchers are invited and encouraged to contribute data to BIOTREE-NET

Métodos y técnicas de monitoreo y predicción temprana en los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales

Esta obra concentra los métodos y las técnicas fundamentales para el seguimiento y monitoreo de las dinámicas de los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales (geológicos e hidrometeorológicos) y tiene como objetivo general orientar, apoyar y acompañar a los directivos y operativos de protección civil en aterrizar las acciones y políticas públicas enfocadas a la gestión del riesgo local de desastre

The Caldera. No. 26

“La PALABRA tiene PODER”, más allá del lema que nos convocó en la décima versión del Concurso Inter colegiado de Oratoria, que en el marco de ULIBRO 2023, se llevó a cabo en NEOMUNDO, el 1 de septiembre pasado, esta frase es una profunda convicción que ha movido al Área de Lengua Castellana del Instituto Caldas, a propiciar y mantener este espacio en el que nuestros estudiantes son los protagonistas. Este año, al tratarse de una celebración especial, quisimos que el tema fundamental fuera el inmenso PODER que tiene la PALABRA; la palabra que construye, que transforma, que edifica, que fortalece, que acompaña, que “abriga”, a diario, al ser humano; en un mundo en el que se debe volver a entender y vivenciar, en el hogar, en la escuela, en la sociedad, el poder transformador de vocablos tan importantes como lo son: “Familia, Educación, Vida, Diversidad, Respeto, Literatura, Escritura, Creatividad, Lectura, Inclusión, Paz, Igualdad Social, Democracia, Ciudadanía y Diálogo”, la palabra cobró fuerza en las voces de nuestros educandos; de esta manera, analizar estos temas tiene que ver necesariamente con los “Futuros posibles”, que planteó la Gran Feria del Libro, ULIBRO, en su vigésima primera versión, para que sigamos trabajando por una sociedad mejor, razón de ser de todas las instituciones educativas del mundo entero.“The WORD has POWER”, beyond the motto that summoned us in the tenth version of the Intercollegiate Oratory Contest, which within the framework of ULIBRO 2023, was held in NEOMUNDO, last September 1, this phrase is a deep conviction that has moved the Spanish Language Area of ​​the Caldas Institute to promote and maintain this space in which our students are the protagonists. This year, as it is a special celebration, we wanted the fundamental theme to be the immense POWER that the WORD has; the word that builds, that transforms, that edifies, that strengthens, that accompanies, that “shelters”, daily, the human being; in a world in which we must understand and experience again, at home, at school, in society, the transformative power of words as important as: “Family, Education, Life, Diversity, Respect, Literature, Writing, Creativity, Reading, Inclusion, Peace, Social Equality, Democracy, Citizenship and Dialogue”, the word gained strength in the voices of our students; In this way, analyzing these issues necessarily has to do with the “Possible Futures”, which the Great Book Fair, ULIBRO, proposed in its twenty-first version, so that we continue working for a better society, the reason for being of all institutions. . educational institutions around the world.Modalidad Presencia

La Red Internacional de Inventarios Forestales (BIOTREE-NET) en Mesoamérica: avances, retos y perspectivas futuras

Conservation efforts in Neotropical regions are often hindered by lack of data, since for many species there is a vacuum of information, and many species have not even been described yet. The International Network of Forest Inventory Plots (BIOTREE-NET) gathers and facilitates access to tree data from forest inventory plots in Mesoamerica, while encouraging data exchange between researchers, managers and conservationists. The information is organised and standardised into a single database that includes spatially explicit data. This article describes the scope and objectives of the network, its progress, and the challenges and future perspectives. The database includes above 50000 tree records of over 5000 species from more than 2000 plots distributed from southern Mexico through to Panama. Information is heterogeneous, both in nature and shape, as well as in the geographical coverage of inventory plots. The database has a relational structure, with 12 inter-connected tables that include information about plots, species names, dbh, and functional attributes of trees. A new system that corrects typographical errors and achieves taxonomic and nomenclatural standardization was developed using The Plant List (http://theplantlist.org/) as reference. Species distribution models have been computed for around 1700 species using different methods, and they will be publicly accessible through the web site in the future (http://portal.biotreenet.com). Although BIOTREE-NET has contributed to the development of improved species distribution models, its main potential lies, in our opinion, in studies at the community level. Finally, we emphasise the need to expand the network and encourage researchers willing to share data and to join the network and contribute to the generation of further knowledge about forest biodiversity in Neotropical regions

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Effect of Trichomonacide 6-Nitro-1<i>H</i>-benzimidazole Derivative Compounds on Expression Level of Metabolic Genes in <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>

The parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection often remains asymptomatic and is related to several health complications. The traditional treatment for trichomoniasis is the use of drugs of the 5-nitroimidazole family, such as metronidazole; however, scientific reports indicate an increasing number of drug-resistant strains. Benzimidazole derivatives could offer an alternative in the search for new anti-trichomonas drugs. In this sense, two attractive candidates are the compounds O2N-BZM7 and O2N-BZM9 (1H-benzimidazole derivatives), since, through in vitro tests, they have shown a higher trichomonacide activity. In this study, we determined the effect on the expression level of metabolic genes in T. vaginalis. The results show that genes involved in redox balance (NADHOX, G6PD::6PGL) are overexpressed, as well as the gene that participates in the first reaction of glycolysis (CK); on the other hand, structural genes such as ACT and TUB are decreased in expression in trophozoites treated with the compound O2N-BZM9, which would probably affect its morphology, motility and virulence. These results align with the trichomonacidal activity of the compounds, with benzimidazole O2N-BZM9 being the most potent, with an IC50 value of 4.8 μM. These results are promising for potential future therapeutic applications

Enfrentando los riesgos socionaturales

El objetivo del libro es comprender la magnitud de los Riesgos Socionaturales en México y Latinoamérica, para comprender el peligro que existe por algún tipo de desastre, ya sea inundaciones, sismos, remoción en masa, entre otros, además conocer qué medidas preventivas, correctivas y de contingencias existen para estar atentos ante alguna señal que la naturaleza esté enviando y así evitar alguna catástrofe. El libro se enfoca en los aspectos básicos de análisis de los peligros, escenarios de riesgo, vulnerabilidad y resiliencia, importantes para la gestión prospectiva o preventiva