Introduction

Le voyageur dépenaillé que Jérôme Bosch a peint sur un tondo célèbre du musée de Rotterdam a tout l’air de ces mendiants qui traînaient leur misère sur tous les grands chemins de l’Europe à l’aube des Temps modernes. À y regarder de plus près, pourtant, cet homme n’est pas un vagabond. Il suit une route qui mène à un portail derrière lequel se déploie un paysage tranquillement vallonné. Mais cette route est parsemée de dangers, de tentations diaboliques, symbolisés notamment par une auberge v..

Déviance et mobilité : le cas des ouvriers nomades de la forêt dans l’ouest de la France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles

Fréquemment décrite par les autorités civiles ou religieuses des xviie et xviiie siècles comme violente et libertine, la population des travailleurs forestiers itinérants (bûcherons, fendeurs, charbonniers...), étudiée dans cet article, se révèle bien plus conforme aux normes et aux valeurs dominantes de l'Ancien Régime qu'on aurait pu s'y attendre. Loin d'être des bandits ou des marginaux, les femmes et les hommes des bois s'attachent à maintenir une stricte discipline au sein de leur groupe, ainsi que des relations pacifiques avec les gens du terroir. Mais les pratiques autonomes de régulation embarrassent l'administration civile, la hiérarchie religieuse et le patronat qui diffusent une image caricaturale et dépréciative de ces migrants, dans le but de mieux contrôler leur déplacement et leur organisation interne.The population of itinerant forest workers was frequently described in the 17th and 18th centuries by the civil or religious authorities as violent and libertine. However this article reveals that these workers conformed much more to the dominating norms and values of the Ancien Régime than what was expected from them. Far from being bandits or dropouts, women and men of the wood looked for keeping up a strict discipline within their group and pacific relations with the people living in the countryside. Nevertheless the autonomous practices of regulations bothered the civil administration, the religious hierarchy and the employers who spread a caricatured and depreciative picture of these migrants. Their aim was to control more effectively the movement and the internal organisation of the itinerant forest workers

Femmes du peuple itinérantes

Les femmes du peuple participent à différents types de mobilité : le nomadisme des ouvriers de la forêt, les migrations saisonnières des faucheurs ou des bateliers, l’exode de la misère… La plupart du temps, cette itinérance de la femme est le reflet de sa condition défavorable dans la société de l’Ancien Régime : dépendante de l’homme, elle n'a souvent guère d’autres choix que l’errance et la mendicité lorsqu'elle se retrouve seule. Et si elle accompagne son conjoint dans un déplacement professionnel, elle est fréquemment soumise à des travaux rudes et victime de surmortalité. Il reste que la fréquence de ces migrations féminines permet à la femme de se libérer de normes qui lui imposeraient la clôture domestique. Plus souvent présentes qu’on ne le dit dans l’espace public, les femmes apportent aux groupes itinérants des ressources complémentaires en terme de revenus, de savoir-faire ou de relations avec le milieu sédentaire.The women of the people participate in different types of mobility: nomadism of the forest workers, seasonal migration of reapers and boatmen, exodus of misery… Most of the times, this “itinerance” of women is the reflection of their unfavourable condition in the Ancien Régime society: dependant upon men, they hardly have the choice but to wander and beg when left on their own. And if they accompany their husbands for professional journeys, they’re often submitted to hard works and victims of over-mortality. Nevertheless the frequency of these feminine migrations enables these women to elude from norms that would oblige them to stay enclosed in their homes. More often present upon public stage that usually said women bring to itinerant groups complementary resources in terms of revenue, savoir-faire or relations with the sedentary sphere

Le mariage mixte au XVIIIe siècle

Notion éminemment contemporaine, la mixité matrimoniale a-t-elle du sens appliquée à des sociétés provinciales d’Ancien Régime où l’expérience de l’autre nation ou de l’autre peuple est rarissime, où l’étranger, aussi, prend souvent les traits de celui qui vient d’une province voisine ? Après une tentative de définition de ce que serait le mariage mixte pour les hommes et les femmes de l’Ancien Régime, cet article envisage à partir de l’exemple poitevin les différentes formes d’unions potentiellement problématiques (interconfessionnelles, interethniques, exogames Français-étrangers…), ainsi que leur articulation avec les hiérarchies de genre et de catégories sociales. Il aboutit enfin à s’interroger sur le degré d’ouverture de la société au XVIIIe siècle comme sur ses représentations de l’identité et des appartenances multiples.Is it possible to use the present-day notion of mixed marriage for the french Ancien Régime society, at a time when the foreigner could be the one who was coming from an adjoining province? After trying to define the mixed marriage in modern France, this article considers the different forms of potentially problematical unions (interdenominational, interethnic, between French and foreigners…), and their connections with gender or social hierarchies. Finally, the article examines the opening degree of French 18th Century society, as the representations of identities and interbreedings

The cost of living in larger primate groups includes higher fly densities

Flies are implicated in carrying and mechanically transmitting many primate pathogens. We investigated how fly associations vary across six monkey species (Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus mitis, Colobus guereza, Lophocebus albigena, Papio anubis, and Piliocolobus tephrosceles) and whether monkey group size impacts fly densities. Fly densities were generally higher inside groups than outside them, and considering data from these primate species together revealed that larger groups harbored more flies. Within species, this pattern was strongest for colobine monkeys, and we speculate this might be due to their smaller home ranges, suggesting that movement patterns may influence fly–primate associations. Fly associations increase with group sizes and may thus represent a cost to sociality

The adoption of open access scholarly communication in Tanzanian public universities: some Influencing factors

Open access is a means for free availability of scholarly content via the internet. It is an emerging opportunity for wider and unlimited access to scholarly literature. Scholarly communication, through open access journals and self-arching, are the two main approaches of open access publishing. However, this mode of scholarly communication is not widely utilised in developing countries such as Tanzania. This article discusses the factors that influence the adoption of open access for scholarly communication in Tanzanian public universities, based on a study conducted in 2008 using a survey questionnaire. A sample of 544 researchers, selected through stratified random sampling from a population of 1 088 researchers and 69 policymakers at six public universities in Tanzania, provided their views. It was evident from the findings that researchers’ internet usage skills and self-efficacy, social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and the respondents’ general perceptions about open access were the positive factors likely to facilitate open access adoption. The current poor research conditions and researchers’ low internet self-efficacy (such as inadequate information search skills) were cited as the main hindrances for researchers to use open access outlets to access scholarly content. It is therefore recommended that university policies on scholarly communication should be revised to incorporate the use of open access publishing. Furthermore, universities should accelerate the establishment of institutional repositories, advocacy campaigns and training directed at researchers, policymakers, readers and information managers of scholarly content, and the improvement of internet speed through subscription to more bandwidth, so as to meet the demand from the scholarly communit

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Thierry Murat, Etuŋwaŋ. Celui-Qui-Regarde

Joseph Wallace est photographe. Au matin du 13 juin 1867, il est assis dans un train en route pour Saint-Louis. Il laisse derrière lui, pour plusieurs mois, une vie confortable et paisible, sa femme, ses deux jeunes enfants, son studio de portraitiste à Pittsburgh... Wallace a choisi de mettre ses talents au service d’une expédition topographique à destination des Rocheuses. Ce voyage d’exploration a été initié par le gouvernement fédéral des États-Unis et financé par un industriel new-yorkai..