Reproductive potential of the functionally female native Croatian grapevine 'Grk bijeli'

A native Croatian grapevine 'Grk bijeli', sharing a parent-offspring relationships with 'Tribidrag' (aka 'Zinfandel'), is grown exclusively on the Adriatic island of Korčula. It is one of the grape cultivars with female-only functional flowers, causing reduced fertilisation and leads to problems in grape production and wine quality. A typical cluster of 'Grk bijeli' at maturity contains fully developed seeded berries, in addition to a highly variable proportion of undersized seedless berries. The aim of this study was to identify the cause of the reduced reproduction potential of 'Grk bijeli' in order to establish a better growing environment for improved yield and grape quality. 'Grk bijeli' female gametophyte develops normaly and at maturity contains both egg and central cell, together with two synergid cells and three antipodal cells. On the other hand, 'Grk bijeli' pollen grains show developmental deviations. Specifically, most of the pollen grains undergo the first pollen mitosis and contain one vegetative cell and one generative cell, while 20 % of ungerminating grains also accomplish the second pollen mitosis, giving rise to two sperm cells and one vegetative cell. Morover, 'Grk bijeli' pollen has acolporate morphology, which prevents germination and contributes to reduced reproduction. Furthermore, fertilisation after pollination with other varieties results in various degrees of ovule abortion depending on the pollinator, revealing Croatian cultivars 'Plavac mali crni' and 'Pošip bijeli' as favourable varieties. Although this study describes a highly valuable cultivar of local importance, it also contributes to fundamental knowledge of grapevine reproductive biology and offers a strategy for improvement of wine production and oenological performance of semi-fertile varieties in general

O,O'-diethyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl) propanoate dihydrochloride enhances influx of effective NK and NKT cells in murine breast cancer

© 2020 Inst. Sci. inf., Univ. Defence in Belgrade. All rights reserved. Background/Aim. O,O'-diethyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamineN,N'-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl)propanoate dihydrochloride (DE-EDCP) has been found to possess promising cytotoxic activity against various tumor cell lines. Also, DE-EDCP reduces tumor progression by several mechanisms such as triggering tumor cell death and inhibition of cell proliferation. The aim of present study was to further evaluate antitumor activity of DE-EDCP by investigating effects on migratory potential of tumor cells and anti-tumor immune response. Methods. Migratory potential of DE-EDCP was evaluated by scratch wound assay. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 4T1 breast cancer cells and treatment with DE-EDCP started five days following orthotopic tumor implantation. The frequency and phenotype of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. DE-EDCP inhibited migratory potential of highly metastatic 4T1 cells. DE-EDCP facilitated accumulation of CD3+CD49+ NKT cells and CD3-CD49+ NK cells in tumor microenvironment. DE-EDCP treatment led to significant decrement of tumor infiltrating anergic NKT cells expressing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), killer cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG-1) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). Mice given DE-EDCP had significantly increased percentages of tumoricidal fas ligand (FasL) positive NK cells. Conclusion. DE-EDCP inhibits murine breast cancer progression through direct effects on tumor cells and by facilitating anti-tumor immunity. DE-EDCP enhances accumulation, promotes tumoricidal phenotype and maintenances responsiveness of NK and NKT cells in 4T1 murine breast cancer

A NEW GASTRIC-JUICE PEPTIDE, BPC - AN OVERVIEW OF THE STOMACH-STRESS-ORGANOPROTECTION HYPOTHESIS AND BENEFICIAL-EFFECTS OF BPC

The possibility that the stomach, affected by general stress, might initiate a counter-response has not until recently been considered in theories of stress. We suggest that the stomach, as the most sensitive part of the gastrointestinal tract and the largest neuroendocrine organ in the body, is crucial for the initiation of a full stress response against all noxious stress pathology. The end result would be a strong protection of all organs invaded by 'stress'. Consistent with this assumption, this coping response is best explained in terms of 'organoprotection'. Endogenous organoprotectors (eg prostaglandins, somatostatin, dopamine) are proposed as mediators. Such an endogenous counteraction could even be afforded by their suitable application. A new gastric juice peptide, M(r) 40,000, named BPC, was recently isolated. Herein, a 15 amino acid fragment (BPC 157), thought to be essential for its activity, has been fully characterized and investigated. As has been demonstrated for many organoprotective agents using different models of various tissue lesions, despite the poorly understood final mechanism, practically all organ systems appear to benefit from BPC activity. These effects have been achieved in many species using very low dosages (mostly microgram and ng/kg range) after ip, ig, and intramucosal (local) application. The effect was apparent already after one application. Long lasting activity was also demonstrated. BPC was highly effective when applied simultaneously with noxious agents or in already pathological, as well as chronical, conditions. Therefore, it seems that BPC treatment does not share any of the so far known limitations for 'conventional organoprotectors'. No influence on different basal parameters and no toxicity were observed. These findings provide a breakthrough in stress theory. BPC, as a possible endogenous free radical scavenger and organoprotection mediator, could be a useful prototype of a new class of drugs, organoprotective agents

A new gastric juice peptide, BPC - an overview of stomach (stress) organoprotection hypothesis and BPC befitial effects

The possibility that the stomach affected by general stress pathology initiates a conteracting response has not been considered in the stress theory until recently. In this, the stomach as the most sensitive part of gastrointestinal tract, the largest neuroendocrine organ in the body, has been suggested to be a crutial point, from where a full stress response against all noxius stress pathology could be purposefully initiated, mediated and organized. The end result would be a strong protection of all organs invaded by "stress". Consistent with this assumption, this coping response is best explained in terms of "organoprotection" and endogenous organoprotectors (e.g. prostaglandins, somatostatin, dopamine) are proposed as mediators. Such an endogenous counteraction could even be afforded by their suitable application. According to this concept, a new gastric juice peptide, M.W. 40, 000, named BPC, was recently isolated. In this, a 15 amino acid fragment (BPC 157) tought to be essential for this activity was fully characterized and effectively investigated. As it had previously been demonstrated for many organoprotective agents using different models of various tissue lesions, despite the poorly understood final mechanism, practically all organ systems appear to be included into BPC beneficial activity. Relative to the reference standards, these effects have been achieved in many species using very low dosages (mostly ug and ng/kg range) after intraperitoneal, intragastrical as well as intramucosal (local) application. The effect was obvious already after one application. A long lasting activity was also demonstrated. Likewise, it was highly efficacious when applied in many experiments simultaneously with noxious agent or in the already established damage conditions, as well as chronically during a prolonged period. Therefore, it seems that BPC treatment does not share any of the so far known limitations for "conventional organoprotectors". No influence on different basal parameters and no toxicity were observed. Thus, whether these findings would provide a purposeful breakthrough into the stress thepry and whether BPC, as a likely endogenous free radical scavenger and organoprotection mediator, would be a useful prototype of a new class of drugs, organoprotective agents, remains to be seen