A Giant Lipoma In The Hand - Report Of A Rare Case

A 38 years old male patient presented with a large painless swelling in the right palm with ultrasound examination suggestive of fatty nature of the swelling MRI showing a well-circumscribed soft tissue swelling in the deep palmar space. The giant tumor of 6.5 X 4 cm was excised and the patient was symptom free two years following the surgery

Orbital MALT Lymphoma: A Case Report

A case of orbital MALT (mucous associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma is reported for its rarity. It presented as a large tumor obscuring the whole eye with loss of vision, without any signs of dissemination and remained free of recurrence or metastasis 12 months after undergoing simple surgical excision

Exploring The Relationship Between Biodiversity And Pollution In Natural History Studies

Natural history museums & libraries provide exceptional resources for both traditional & non-traditional education settings. Because they are snapshots in time & space, collections provide information that can never be duplicated. Learning about & interacting deeply with the living world is facilitated by exposure to collections. Specimens in collections allow for direct tracking of global biological diversity & also changes in that diversity, whether those changes are ancient or recent. This paper investigates the significance of biodiversity & pollution in the field of natural history studies, as well as the connection between the two concepts. It is emphasised here how the current rise in specimen-based digitization programmes has provided access to an unprecedented biodiversity data wealth, vastly expanding the scope of natural history collections. The methodology was used as a secondary source of data, which was gathered using online sources. By providing access tospecimens & data housed in natural history collections, online databases have allowed scientists along with the general public to address worldwide, regional, & also local concerns concerning biodiversity in a manner that was not conceivable a decade ago

Two Genes on A/J Chromosome 18 Are Associated with Susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus Infection by Combined Microarray and QTL Analyses

Although it has recently been shown that A/J mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus sepsis as compared to C57BL/6J, the specific genes responsible for this differential phenotype are unknown. Using chromosome substitution strains (CSS), we found that loci on chromosomes 8, 11, and 18 influence susceptibility to S. aureus sepsis in A/J mice. We then used two candidate gene selection strategies to identify genes on these three chromosomes associated with S. aureus susceptibility, and targeted genes identified by both gene selection strategies. First, we used whole genome transcription profiling to identify 191 (56 on chr. 8, 100 on chr. 11, and 35 on chr. 18) genes on our three chromosomes of interest that are differentially expressed between S. aureus-infected A/J and C57BL/6J. Second, we identified two significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for survival post-infection on chr. 18 using N2 backcross mice (F1 [C18A]×C57BL/6J). Ten genes on chr. 18 (March3, Cep120, Chmp1b, Dcp2, Dtwd2, Isoc1, Lman1, Spire1, Tnfaip8, and Seh1l) mapped to the two significant QTL regions and were also identified by the expression array selection strategy. Using real-time PCR, 6 of these 10 genes (Chmp1b, Dtwd2, Isoc1, Lman1, Tnfaip8, and Seh1l) showed significantly different expression levels between S. aureus-infected A/J and C57BL/6J. For two (Tnfaip8 and Seh1l) of these 6 genes, siRNA-mediated knockdown of gene expression in S. aureus–challenged RAW264.7 macrophages induced significant changes in the cytokine response (IL-1 β and GM-CSF) compared to negative controls. These cytokine response changes were consistent with those seen in S. aureus-challenged peritoneal macrophages from CSS 18 mice (which contain A/J chromosome 18 but are otherwise C57BL/6J), but not C57BL/6J mice. These findings suggest that two genes, Tnfaip8 and Seh1l, may contribute to susceptibility to S. aureus in A/J mice, and represent promising candidates for human genetic susceptibility studies

Regulation of MicroRNA Biogenesis: A miRiad of mechanisms

microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that influence diverse biological functions through the repression of target genes during normal development and pathological responses. Widespread use of microRNA arrays to profile microRNA expression has indicated that the levels of many microRNAs are altered during development and disease. These findings have prompted a great deal of investigation into the mechanism and function of microRNA-mediated repression. However, the mechanisms which govern the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity are just beginning to be uncovered. Following transcription, mature microRNA are generated through a series of coordinated processing events mediated by large protein complexes. It is increasingly clear that microRNA biogenesis does not proceed in a 'one-size-fits-all' manner. Rather, individual classes of microRNAs are differentially regulated through the association of regulatory factors with the core microRNA biogenesis machinery. Here, we review the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity, with particular focus on mechanisms of post-transcriptional control. Further understanding of the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity will undoubtedly provide important insights into normal development as well as pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Narratives About India’s Bureaucracy: Old Hardware Being Asked to Run New Software?

A key thematic finding of this study is that India’s government bureaucracy is like an old fashioned ‘feature’ phone that is being asked to multi-task like a new-age smartphone. I use the analogy of a smartphone to understand the functioning of India’s government bureaucracies. India’s insensitive bureaucrats and lethargic bureaucratic functioning are often cited as reasons for India’s inability to quickly alleviate poverty. However, by examining narratives from bureaucrats engaged in the implementation of a program to improve maternal and child health services, I uncover a rather interesting aspect of India’s bureaucratic functioning—that actors within the bureaucracies are agile, but are encumbered by their administrative structures. Such a finding runs counter to most studies examining bureaucrats or program implementation in the Indian context, but it is a result of an in-depth case study research aimed at understanding the perspectives of the bureaucrat. I draw these findings from a much larger study examining the implementation processes of a collaborative governance initiative within a subnational government in India. The goal of this collaborative governance initiative was to facilitate greater coordination between agencies at all levels of the implementation hierarchy (i.e. the state, district, and village-level in the Indian administrative context) to improve delivery of maternal and child health services and related outcomes. Given that India’s bureaucracies are being increasingly called upon to be collaborative and work across departmental silos, choosing this case for an in-depth study had theoretical relevance and potential to reveal how bureaucrats (under what conditions and to what extent) engage in collaborative governance. Data was collected from multiple sources, across the three levels of hierarchy, and across the three agencies for better triangulation of findings. For this particular study, I am drawing from 85 in-depth interviews conducted at the state (18 interviews), district (8 interviews), and village-levels of administration (59 interviews) across the Health, Rural Development, and Women and Child Development agencies. Although interviews were designed as semi-structured, data was collected on the lines of a narrative inquiry. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using NVivo 10 with thematic codes (both deductive and inductive), analytical memos, and annotations to ensure reliability and reflexivity. Getting data from inside India’s bureaucratic black hole has always been perceived to be elusive at best and impossible at the worst. Needless to say there is a sense of distrust on both sides and particularly within the bureaucrats because their work is always subject to criticism. However, I informed all participants that the purpose of this study was to understand their story, perspective, and appreciate the challenges they face in their daily work life in the context of implementing this collaborative initiative. As a result, what emerged from the interviews were not just responses to the semi-structured interview protocol, but narratives about their career path, work philosophy, motivation, challenges, bureaucratic politics, society and culture. This study is significant because it aims to understand India’s government bureaucracies, responsible for the welfare of one-sixth the world’s population, from a more public management lens with a qualitative methodological approach

WOMEN CONSUMERS PSYCHOLOGY TOWARDS USE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping oneself clean and caring for oneself in order to promote general health and stop the transmission of infections. Maintaining one's own cleanliness is referred to as personal hygiene. All of the external body's parts need to be kept clean and in good condition for good personal hygiene. It is crucial for preserving both physical and mental wellness.Consumer psychology is the study of human behaviour regarding their buying patterns, customs, and preferences in relation to consumer products, including their reactions and preferences to the products. This concept aims to evaluate and understand consumers and the decision-making process. The use of hygiene products is rising due to the initiatives taken by Governing agencies to encourage the adoption of hygiene products by organizing health awareness campaigns to restrict spread of dieses. There are five types of personal hygiene; Hair Hygiene, Hand Hygiene, Oral Hygiene, Body Hygiene and Intimate Hygiene. The present research was conducted to study the psychology of women consumers towards the use of personal hygiene products. In this study their awareness for personal hygiene products and usage patterns were studied. Women consumers have psychological factors and psychological purposes in their minds behind the use or non-use of personal hygiene products. In this study, the various psychological factors that influence women consumers' use of personal hygiene products were investigated. The study is descriptive research based on primary data collected from 200 women consumers of personal hygiene products. From the study it is found that all women consumers were not using personal hygiene products but maximum women consumers were using personal hygiene products because they are aware about personal hygiene products and considered personal hygiene products are necessary for them. The psychological factors and psychological purpose play an important role in the acceptance of personal hygiene products in a varied proportion.</p&gt