Pattern of litterfall and return of nutrients in five Oak species of mixed Oak forest of Manipur, North-East India

Litterfall and its nutrient return in five oak species were studied in the mixed Oak forest in Senapati District, Manipur .Litter production was measured by litter trap method. The total annual litterfall was 958.9 g m-2yr-1.Leaf and non leaf litterfall comprises 76.7 % and 23.3 % of the total litterfall. Maximum litterfall was found in the month of April (193.5 g m-2) and minimum in the month of July (23.7 g m-2).About 70% of the forest floor was replaced each year with turnover time of 1.42 yr.The amount of nutrient return through leaf litter was found to be maximum in Q.polystachya and minimum in C.indica. Nutrients (NPK) concentration of leaf litter of five different tree species was varied among different tree species

The Influence of the Mixed Electric Line Poles on the Distribution of Magnetic Field

With the wide spread of the transmission lin

Numerical Study of Inspection the Photovoltaic System with Active Cooling

-Electricity become a part of human modern life. It has many uses in our daily life and we cannot think of a word without electrical power. Solar source can replace the current fossil fuel or gas for generating the electric power. The aim of this study is to establish a simulation model to investigate the performance of a photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) by using computational fluid dynamics method (CFD). The model includes a water conduct tube, absorber plate and system for convection heat transfer. The ANSYS FLUENT software has been used for simulation process. The panel electrical output and its efficiency were numerically investigated. In addition, the effect of the absorbed radiation changes on the inlet fluid temperature and absorbing plate on the system performance were investigated. A dynamic analysis of hybrid photovoltaic thermal system with a circulatory pump was given. A detailed mathematical model of the system is presented. The study was conducted for three cases, in the first case, when there is no coolant in the system and in the second case, at a constant fluid flow of the pump, while the third case with optimized operation of the pump. The obtained numerical results by CFD simulators were compared with the experimental results of the documentation. The both results have good agreement. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the system gives a good improvement for the net electrical efficiency of 3.52 % with a low reduction in thermal efficiency of the system by 1.96 % compared to the system when the consistently high flow is use

Numerical analysis of the photovoltaic system inspection with active cooling

The use of solar energy may replace the present fossil fuel or gas to produce electricity. The goal of this study is to set up a simulation model to survey the performance of a photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Ansys fluent software has been used for the simulation procedure. The electrical panel output and its efficiency were investigated numerically. In addition, the effect of variations in absorbed radiation on inlet fluid and absorber panel temperature on the system performance was investigated. The study was conducted for three cases, in a first case, where there is no refrigerant in the system and in the latter case, at constant fluid rate of the pump, whereas the third case with optimal pump operation. The numerical findings obtained from CFD simulators have been compared with the test records of the experimental results of the literature. The two results have a good agreement. From the obtained results, it can be noted that the system shows a good improvement for the electric net efficiency level of 3.52% with a lower reduction of the thermal system efficiency of 1.96% in comparison to the system when using the constantly high flow rate

Modeling of magnetic sensitivity of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with double gates

In this paper, we investigated the effect of magnetic field on the carrier transport phenomenon in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with double gates by examining the behavior of the semiconductor under the Lorentz force and a constant magnetic field. Various behaviors within the channel have been simulated including the potential distribution, conduction and valence bands, total current density, total charge density and the magnetic field. The results obtained indicate that this modulation affects the electrical characteristics of the device such as on-state current (ION), subthreshold leakage current (IOF), threshold voltage (VTh), and the Hall voltage (VH) is induced by the magnetic field. The change in threshold voltage caused by the magnetic field has been observed to affect the switching characteristics of the device, such as speed and power loss, as well as the threshold voltage VTh and (ION/IOF) ratio. Note that it is reduced by 10-3 V. 102 for magnetic fields of ±6 and ±5.5 tesla respectively

Brown algae invasions and bloom events need routine monitoring for effective adaptation

Brown algae blooms and invasions have affected 29% of the Earth’s coast, yet there is sparse evidence of the impacts and adaptations of these events. Through a systematic review of empirical literature on these blooms and invasions, we explore the prevalence of conventional analyses of environmental, economic, and social impacts, as well as opportunities for adaptation and valorisation. The study reveals crucial inconsistencies in the current evidence base on algae impacts: fragmented metrics for quantifying blooms and their effects; inconsistent application and testing of prevention measures (e.g. forecasting, early warning systems); reliance on removal as a management approach with limited evidence of associated costs; and scant evidence of the effectiveness of impact mitigation or adaptation strategies. With a focus on economic and societal dimensions of algae events, we introduce emerging opportunities within the blue economy for bloom utilization. The findings highlight the crucial need for harmonized monitoring protocols, robust cost-benefit analysis of management and adaptation options, and evidence of pathways to valorisation of algae biomass

Not just a pretty picture: Mapping Leaf Area Index at 10 m resolution using Sentinel-2

Achieving the Global Climate Observing System goal of 10 m resolution leaf area index (LAI) maps is critical for applications related to climate adaptation, sustainable agriculture, and ecosystem monitoring. Five strategies for producing 10 m LAI maps from Sentinel-2 (S2) imagery are evaluated: i. bi-cubic interpolation of 20 m resolution S2 LAI maps from the Simplified Level 2 Prototype Processor Version 1 (SL2PV1) as currently performed by the Sentinel Applications Platform (SNAP), ii. applying SL2PV1 to S2 reflectance bands spatially downscaled to 10 m using bi-cubic interpolation (BICUBIC), iii. Applying SL2PV1 to S2 reflectance bands spatially downscaled to 10 m using Area to Point Regression Kriging (ATPRK), iv. using a recalibrated version of SL2PV1 (SL2PV2) requiring only three S2 10m bands, and iv) a novel use of the previously developed Active Learning Regularization (ALR) approach to locally approximate the SL2PV1 algorithm using only 10 m bands. Algorithms were assessed in terms of per-pixel accuracy and spatial metrics when comparing 10 m LAI maps produced using either actual S2 imagery or S2 imagery synthesized from airborne hyperspectral imagery to reference 10 m LAI maps traceable to in-situ fiducial reference measurements at 10 sites across the continental US. ATPRK and ALR algorithms had the lowest precision error of ~0.15 LAI, compared to 0.19 LAI for SNAP and BICUBIC and 0.35 LAI for SL2PV2, and ranked highest in terms of local correlation and Structural Similarity Index measure as well as qualitative agreement with reference maps. SL2PV2 LAI showed evidence of saturation over forests related to decreased sensitivity of input visible reflectance. All algorithms had a similar uncertainty of ~0.55 LAI compared to traceable reference maps, due to the trade-off between bias and precision. However, ATPRK and ALR uncertainty reduced to 0.11 LAI and 0.16 LAI, respectively, when compared to reference maps that ignored canopy clumping. These results suggest that both ATPRK and ALR are suitable for producing 10 m S2 LAI maps assuming bias due to local clumping can be corrected in the underlying SL2PV1 algorithm

Prevalence of bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in multiple myeloma patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws (BP-ONJ) is an adverse effect of bisphosphonate treatment with varying reported incidence rates.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In two neighboring German cities, prevalence and additional factors of the development of BP-ONJ in multiple myeloma patients with bisphosphonates therapy were recorded using a retrospective (RS) and cross-sectional study (CSS) design. For the RS, all patients treated from Jan. 2000 - Feb. 2006 were contacted by letter. In the CSS, all patients treated from Oct. 2006 - Mar. 2008 had a physical and dental examination. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to evaluate all articles reporting on BP-ONJ prevalence. PubMed search terms were: bisphosphonat, diphosphonate, osteonecrosis, prevalence and incidence.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the RS, data from 81 of 161 patients could be obtained; four patients (4.9%) developed BP-ONJ. In the CSS, 16 of 78 patients (20.5%) developed BP-ONJ. All patients with BP-ONJ had received zoledronate; 12 of these had had additional bisphosphonates. All except one had an additional trigger factor (tooth extraction [n = 14], dental surgical procedure [n = 2], sharp mylohyoid ridge [n = 3]).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of BP-ONJ may have been underestimated to date. The oral examination of all patients in this CSS might explain the higher prevalence, since even early asymptomatic stages of BP-ONJ and previously unnoticed symptomatic BP-ONJ were recorded. Since nearly all patients with BP-ONJ had an additional trigger factor, oral hygiene and dental care might help to reduce BP-ONJ incidence.</p

Development and Application of a Technique for Three-dimensional Sialography using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: Salivary gland obstructive conditions are common and may necessitate imaging of the glands for diagnosis and management purposes. Many imaging options are available but all have limitations. Sialography is considered the gold standard for examining obstructive conditions of the parotid and submandibular glands but it is largely influenced by the imaging technique to which it is coupled. Cone beam computed tomography (cbCT) is a relatively new and very promising imaging modality that has overcome many of the inherent limitations of other imaging modalities used in the past for sialography. Materials and methods: A RANDO®Man imaging phantom was used to determine the effective radiation doses from the series of plain film images that represent the current standard of practice for sialography. Similar experiments were then undertaken to determine the effective radiation doses from cbCT when varying the field-of-view (FOV) size and center, x-ray tube peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliamperage (mA). Next, cbCT image quality, measured using the signal-difference-to-noise-ratio (SDNR) was used to determine those technical factors that optimized image quality. Finally, using the optimized image acquisition parameters, a prospective clinical study was conducted to test the diagnostic efficacy of cbCT sialography compared to plain film sialography. Results: Effective radiation doses were comparable between the plain film image series and cbCT examinations of the parotid and submandibular glands when a 6” FOV was chosen, and when the x-ray tube was operating at 80 kVp and 10 mA. We also found that these exposure settings optimized the image SDNR. Finally, we demonstrated that the diagnostic capabilities of cbCT sialography were superior to plain film sialography with regards to detecting sialoliths and strictures, and when differentiating normal salivary glands from those with changes secondary to inflammation. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a three dimensional (3D) sialography technique for imaging the parotid and submandibular salivary glands using cbCT that balances radiation effective dose with image quality. We also demonstrated the superior diagnostic capabilities of the new technique in a clinical setting.Ph