Pathogenic and Molecular Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri Causing Chickpea Wilt through ISSR Markers

In the present investigation the pathogenic and genetic variability was assayed, amongst the seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (Foc) collected from different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra State, India. The isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri were confirmed by SCAR marker which yielded 1.5 KD band. The pathogenicity of each isolate was confirmed using the wilt susceptible chickpea genotype JG-62. On the basis of pathogenic ability the isolates were grouped as highly pathogenic (FOC-2, FOC-5, FOC-6), strongly pathogenic (FOC-1,FOC-3) and moderately pathogenic (FOC-4,FOC-7). Eight Inter Simple Sequence Repeats primers (ISSRs) were used to determine the genetic variability in seven isolates Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. The seven primers produced 80 scorable bands. Off 80 bands, 73 bands were polymorphic and average level of polymorphism was 91.25 per cent. In UPGMA analysis, Foc-1 (Wardha) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (0.8375) whereas Foc-2 (Lonar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.4625). The isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri were grouped into two major clusters. First group, cluster-A includes isolates belonging to Wardha, Washim and Lonar. Second group, cluster-B includes Nashik, Ahmednagar, Rahuri and Pune. It shows that Foc-1 (Wardha) have higher value of similarity coefficient with Foc-3 (Washim) whereas Foc-2 (Lonar) have lower value of similarity coefficient with Foc-5 (Ahmednagar).The similarity matrix indicated that seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri exhibited in between 46-84 per cent similarity coefficient

Floral bud distortion in soybean and incidence in Central India

We describe a peculiar and often harmful budding disorder in soybean, leading to huge yield loss in India. To determine the prevalence of floral distortion in soybean, an extensive random roving survey was undertaken in the soybean-growing regions of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and the adjoining part of Karnataka states during two successive seasons of kharif (monsoon-planted) crops – Oct 2010 and Sept 2011. The average rate of the disorder ranged from 8.0% to 14.6% and severity from 2.0 to 90.0% during 2010 and 2011, respectively. Affected plants were found to have either no or deformed pods and distorted flowers, and they remained green after maturity. All the soybean varieties grown in the surveyed region (i.e. JS 335, JS 93-05, JS 73-23, JS 95-60, AMS-MB-5-19, CO-2, Bragg, JS 10-44, Samrat) were affected by the disorder. The PCR-based diagnosis revealed the absence of phytoplasma in symptomatic soybean samples.Keywords: Glycine max, chlorosis, green stem, thickening and twisting stem, yield loss

Promotive and Preventive Eye Care in Ayurveda and Morden view

Your eyes are an important part of your head . Most people rely on their eyes to see and make sense of the world around them , but some eye disesse can lead to vision loss , so it’s important to identify and treat eye disease as early as possible. There are five sense organs i.e. eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin. Among these sense organs, Ayurveda gives prime importance to the eye. It says “SarvendriyaanamNayanamPradhanamâ€. Eyes allow to understand and navigate the world around you. Suffering from eye disorders with uncorrected refractive error in children result into adverse effect on quality of life & signiï¬cantly affect their vision, education and psychosocial development. Most of people pay attention to their eyes only if they have eye problems. However, the hours spent in reading, writing, watching TV, using multimedia mobile and working on computers take their toll on eye health. Working in artificial light (either dim light or bright light) is another  culprit for deterioration of eye health. If 100 students of Indian school aged more than seven years are screened, 14 of them are likely to need spectacles. In Ayurveda, selected classical daily regimens like Netraprakshalna(eye wash), Anjana(Collyrium), Snana(Bath), Padabhyanga(Foot massage with oil), Nasya(nasal application of drugs), wholesome and unholsome dietetic are promoted as high-end measures for the maintenance of eye health. Various NetraVyayamas(eye exercises), Yogasanas, Pranayamas, Netiand Tratakaare also said to be beneficial for the same cause. Major Ayurvedicpromotive measures and perceptions regarding maintenance of eye health and prevention of eye disorders are explored in this article. The aim of this review is to spreads the awareness of simple visual health promotive procedures in Ayurveda

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF RAPIDLY DIS INTEGRATING FILM OF AMLODIPINE BES YLATE

Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems were first developed in the late 1970s as an alternative to tablets, capsules, and syrups. Fast dissolving oral films (FDOFs) are the most advanced form of  oral solid dosage form due to more flexibility and comfort. It improve the efficacy of APIs by dissolving within minute in oral cavity after the contact with less saliva as compared to fast dissolving tablets, without chewing and no need of water for admin istration. The FDOFs place as an alternative in the market due to the consumer’s preference for a fast dissolving product over conventional tablets / capsules. The oral thin-film technology is still in the beginning stages and has bright future ahead because it fulfils all the need of patients. Eventually, film formulations having drug/s will be commercially launched using the oral film technology. In the present study fast dissolving film of  Amlodipine Besylate was prepared using sodium alginate as film forming polymer. To decrease the disintegration time of formulationssodium starch glycolate was used as disintegrating agent. A full 32factorial design was applied using concentration of polymer and disintegrant as independent variable and disintegration time and % cumulative drug release as dependent variable. Response surface curves were plotted. Batch F6 was found to be the optimized batch as its disintegration was completed within the minimum time as compared to all other batches. The formulation (F6) was also showing sufficient drug release after 6 min. All the nine formulation was showing approximately 70-85% drug release after 6 mi

Opportunity and challenges for nanotechnology application for genome editing in plants

abstract: CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing systems have enormous promise in the areas of biomedical research and agriculture. While the effectiveness and utility of CRISPR have already been well established, there are many challenges in the successful application of CRISPR to plant systems. In this regard, nanotechnology could play a critical role in addressing some of the decisive challenges preventing CRISPR-mediated genome engineering in plants especially in recalcitrant species. Nanoparticles can be used as an efficient delivery agent to the targeted cell and enhance genome editing efficiency. The Nanoparticles-based delivery system can deliver functional gene, RNP, or siRNA intact into the plant cell resulting in the generation of genome-edited plants without transgenes. In this review, we have discussed various nanoparticle technologies that can overcome barriers associated with the CRISPR-mediated genetic transformation in plants, holding it to reach its full potential. CRISPR can be used to develop tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. As well as, it may also be employed in improving food quality and productivity thereby providing food security to the ever-growing human population

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Not AvailableCluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), also known as guar, is an important industrial crop owing to its high gum content in the endosperm. Availability of sufficient genomic resources, especially, DNA markers, greatly aids genetic improvement of a crop. In this study, we identified 1859 genomic SSRs, for the first time, from 1091 scaffolds representing 60% of the cluster bean genome. Further we validated 89 of these markers using 54 cultivated guar accessions and two wild relatives, Cyamopsis serrata and Cyamopsis senegalensis. Seven SSRs were monomorphic even with the wild relatives while 11 were polymorphic only between species with 72 being polymorphic within C. tetragonoloba accessions. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.017 to 0.62 with an average of 0.19. Cross-transferability rates of 62% observed for the genomic SSRs suggested divergence between the cultivated and the wild species. Genomic SSRs mined in this study though showed a high proportion of dinucleotide repeats (48.5%), while tri-and tetranucleotide repeats were found to be more polymorphic. Genetic diversity analysis of the 56 accessions using the 82 polymorphic markers could differentiate the cultivated accessions of C. tetragonoloba into four major clusters, two of which had two sub-clusters while the wild accessions formed a separate cluster. Since chromosome-wide distribution of the SSRs is unknown and genetic linkage maps in guar is not available, we used the soybean genome as a reference and identified 29 genome-wide and unlinked SSRs markers. Population structure analysis (PSA) using these markers revealed six subpopulations, more or less similar to the major and sub-clusters identified by the neighbor joining analysis. Further PSA identified an entry from subpopulation 6 to have admixture with the wild relatives. Annotation of the validated genomic SSR containing sequences using green plant nr protein database revealed that 16 of them were genic in nature. This is the first report on genomic SSRs and their utilization in unraveling the genetic diversity in cluster bean.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableCluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), also known as guar, is an important industrial crop owing to its high gum content in the endosperm. Availability of sufficient genomic resources, especially, DNA markers, greatly aids genetic improvement of a crop. In this study, we identified 1859 genomic SSRs, for the first time, from 1091 scaffolds representing 60% of the cluster bean genome. Further we validated 89 of these markers using 54 cultivated guar accessions and two wild relatives, Cyamopsis serrata and Cyamopsis senegalensis. Seven SSRs were monomorphic even with the wild relatives while 11 were polymorphic only between species with 72 being polymorphic within C. tetragonoloba accessions. Polymorphism information content of the Markers ranged from 0.017 to 0.62 with an average of 0.19. Cross-Transferability rates of 62% observed for the genomic SSRs suggested Divergence between the cultivated and the wild species. Genomic SRs Mined in this study though showed a high proportion of dinucleotide repeats (48.5%), while tri- and tetranucleotide repeats were found to be more polymorphic. Genetic diversity analysis of the 56 accessions using the 82 polymorphic markers could differentiate the cultivated accessions of C. tetragonoloba into four major clusters, two of which had two sub-clusters while the wild accessions formed a separate cluster. Since chromosome-wide distribution of the SSRs is unknown and genetic linkage maps in guar is not available, we used the soybean genome as a reference and identified 29 genome-wide and unlinked SSRs markers. Population structure analysis (PSA) using these markers revealed six subpopulations, more or less similar to the major and sub-clusters identified by the neighbor joining analysis. Further PSA identified an entry from subpopulation 6 to have admixture with the wild relatives. Annotation of the validated genomic SSR containing sequences using green plant nr protein database revealed that 16 of them were genic in nature. This is the first report on genomic SSRs and their utilization in unraveling the genetic diversity in cluster bean.Not Availabl

Transcriptomic signature reveals mechanism of flower bud distortion in witches’-broom disease of soybean (Glycine max)

Abstract Background Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) crop is major source of edible oil and protein for human and animals besides its various industrial uses including biofuels. Phytoplasma induced floral bud distortion syndrome (FBD), also known as witches’ broom syndrome (WBS) has been one of the major biotic stresses adversely affecting its productivity. Transcriptomic approach can be used for knowledge discovery of this disease manifestation by morpho-physiological key pathways. Results We report transcriptomic study using Illumina HiSeq NGS data of FBD in soybean, revealing 17,454 differentially expressed genes, 5561 transcription factors, 139 pathways and 176,029 genic region putative markers single sequence repeats, single nucleotide polymorphism and Insertion Deletion. Roles of PmbA, Zn-dependent protease, SAP family and auxin responsive system are described revealing mechanism of flower bud distortion having abnormalities in pollen, stigma development. Validation of 10 randomly selected genes was done by qPCR. Our findings describe the basic mechanism of FBD disease, right from sensing of phytoplasma infection by host plant triggering molecular signalling leading to mobilization of carbohydrate and protein, phyllody, abnormal pollen development, improved colonization of insect in host plants to spread the disease. Study reveals how phytoplasma hijacks metabolic machinery of soybean manifesting FBD. Conclusions This is the first report of transcriptomic signature of FBD or WBS disease of soybean revealing morphological and metabolic changes which attracts insect for spread of disease. All the genic region putative markers may be used as genomic resource for variety improvement and new agro-chemical development for disease control to enhance soybean productivity