Le financement du régime de rentes du Québec

The goal of this paper is to present an analysis of the problems raised by the financing of the Quebec Pension Plan. In the first step, we shall try to identify the reasons underlying the financing problem. In the second step, we shall deal with the various financing methods and their impact on the level, the structure and the rate of increase of the contributions to the Plan. Finally, we shall conclude on the financing method which, in our view, should prevail

Le financement du régime de rentes du Québec

The goal of this paper is to present an analysis of the problems raised by the financing of the Quebec Pension Plan. In the first step, we shall try to identify the reasons underlying the financing problem. In the second step, we shall deal with the various financing methods and their impact on the level, the structure and the rate of increase of the contributions to the Plan. Finally, we shall conclude on the financing method which, in our view, should prevail.

Propositions théoriques pour une méthode d’analyses sociologiques des discours

L’auteur propose de désigner les deux paradigmes fondamentaux dont l’explicitation et l’articulation lui semblent nécessaires (mais non suffisantes) pour impulser un véritable tournant sociologique aux analyses de discours que pratiquent nos collègues sociologues français, souvent sous influence sociolinguistique et/ou sous influence informatique et statistique - notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de pratiques lexicométriques. Le premier est le paradigme des « instances de pratiques discursives » en interaction mutuelle au sein d’un dispositif « circulatoire ». Le second est le paradigme des quatre principaux « registres de sens » ou « dimensions constitutives fondamentales » de toute expression discursive-langagière. Pour chacun de ces paradigmes les applications méthodologiques sont brièvement illustrées. Enfin, cette réflexion méthodologique ne peut pas ne pas interroger également les présupposés de la dimension temporelle, et ce à partir de la philosophie ontogénétique de Gilbert Simondon, et ne peut pas ne pas évoquer le paradigme des rapports fondamentaux de dominance sociale - que l’auteur considère comme constitutif de toute problématique sociologique.The author proposes to designate two fundamental paradigms whose explicitation and articulation appear to be required (though not sufficient) to enable a genuine sociological turn to discourse analyses practiced by French sociologists, often influenced either by sociolinguistics and/or by computing and statistics-especially when it comes to lexicometric practices. The first is the paradigm of "instances of discursive practices" in mutual interaction within a "circulatory" system. The second is the paradigm of the four main "meaning registers"  or "fundamental constituent dimensions" of any discursive-linguistic expression. For each of these paradigms, methodological applications are briefly illustrated. Finally, this methodological reflection can not avoid questioning the assumptions of the temporal dimension, and so through the ontogenetic philosophy of Gilbert Simondon, and can not fail to mention the fundamental paradigm of social dominance relationships-considered by the author as constituting any sociological problem.El autor propone designar los dos paradigmas fundamentales cuales su explicación y articulación les parece necesarias, pero no suficiente, para impulsar un verdadero turno sociológico en los análisis de discurso que practican nuestros colegas franceses, usualmente bajo la influencia sociolinguistica y/o bajo la influencia informática y estadística – particularmente cuando se trata de prácticas lexicométricas. El primero es el paradigma de "las instancias de prácticas discursivas" en interacción mutua a dentro de un dispositivo "circulatorio". El secundo es el paradigma de los cuatros principales "registros de sentido" o "dimensiones constitutivas fundamentales" de toda expresión relativa al discurso y al lenguaje. Se ejemplifica la explicación de cada paradigma. Finalmente, esta reflexión metodológica tiene que examinar los presupuestos de la dimensión temporal a partir de la filosofía ontogenética de Gilbert Simondon además que evocar el paradigma de los enlaces fundamentales de la dominación social la cual el autor considera constitutiva de toda problemática sociológica

Effect of different Bacillus subtilis lipopeptides on surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of Bacillus cereus 98/4 spores to stainless steel and Teflon

International audienceVarious lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis were examined for their ability to modify the surface hydrophobicity of two substrata, stainless steel (SS) and Teflon. These modifications were evaluated by water contact angle measurements. The effects depended on the lipopeptide, its concentration, and the tested substratum. Treatment of SS with different concentrations of surfactin S1 showed an increase of the hydrophobicity between 1 and 100 mg l(-1). On the same substratum, fengycin increased hydrophobicity up to its critical micelle concentration (6.25 mg l(-1)). With higher concentrations of fengycin, hydrophobicity decreased. Surfactin, mycosubtilin, and iturin A decreased hydrophobicity on Teflon. The different effects of these three families of lipopeptides were related to their structural differences. A good correlation was shown between hydrophobicity modifications of surfaces and the attachment of B. cereus 98/4 spores. Enhancement in the hydrophobicity of the surfaces increased the number of adhering spores

Cross-Reactivity between Chlamydia trachomatis Heat Shock Protein 10 and Early Pregnancy Factor

Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 10 (Chsp10) is associated with chronic genital tract infection with C. trachomatis. Chsp10 is homologous to human chaperonin 10 (Cpn10) and early pregnancy factor (EPF), a form of human Cpn10 that is specifically secreted at the start of pregnancy. We investigated cross-reactions between serum anti-Chsp10 antibodies and anti-EPF antibodies in pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Pregnancy was found to be associated with the presence of anti-EPF antibodies, which are specifically induced in pregnant women with a history of C. trachomatis infection, and with the presence of serum anti-Chsp10 antibodies. We also found that infertility was associated with the presence of anti-Chsp10 and anti-EPF antibodies. The HLA class II haplotype DR8 DQ4 was associated with the presence of anti-Chsp10 antibodies but not of anti-EPF antibodies

Pitfalls of Measuring Total Blood Calcium in Patients with CKD

Disorders of mineral and bone metabolism are prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The recent National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines recommend that blood calcium (Ca) be regularly measured in patients with stages 3 to 5 CKD. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) position states that the measurement of ionized Ca (iCa) is preferred and that if total Ca (tCa) concentration is used instead, then it should be adjusted in the setting of hypoalbuminemia. In 691 consecutive patients with stages 3 to 5 CKD, we compared the ability of noncorrected and albumin-corrected tCa concentration to identify low, normal, or high iCa concentration. The agreement between noncorrected or albumin-corrected tCa and iCa was only fair. The risk for underestimating ionized calcium was independently increased by a low total CO2 concentration when either noncorrected or albumin-corrected Ca was used and by a low albumin concentration only when noncorrected tCa was used. The risk for overestimating iCa was increased by a low albumin concentration only when albumin-corrected Ca was used. In conclusion, albumin-corrected tCa does not predict iCa better than noncorrected tCa. Moreover, both noncorrected and albumin-corrected tCa concentrations poorly predict hypo- or hypercalcemia in patients with CKD

Fasting Urinary Osmolality, CKD Progression, and Mortality: A Prospective Observational Study

International audienc

Fasting Urinary Osmolality, CKD Progression, and Mortality: A Prospective Observational Study

International audienc