mRNP3 and mRNP4 are phosphorylatable by casein kinase II in Xenopus oocytes, but phosphorylation does not modify RNA-binding affinity

AbstractmRNP3 and mRNP4 (also called FRGY2) are two mRNA-binding proteins which are major constituents of the maternal RNA storage particles of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The phosphorylation of mRNP3–4 has been implicated in the regulation of mRNA masking. In this study, we have investigated their phosphorylation by casein kinase II and its consequence on their affinity for RNA. Comparison of the phosphopeptide map of mRNP3–4 phosphorylated in vivo with that obtained after phosphorylation in vitro by purified Xenopus laevis casein kinase II strongly suggests that casein kinase II is responsible for the in vivo phosphorylation of mRNP3–4 in oocytes. The phosphorylation occurs on a serine residue in a central domain of the proteins. The affinity of mRNP3–4 for RNA substrates remained unchanged after the treatment with casein kinase II or calf intestine phosphatase in vitro. This suggests that phosphorylation of these proteins does not regulate their interaction with RNA but rather controls their interactions with other proteins

Caractérisation du rôle d'Unr, une protéine de liaison à l'ARN, dans les cellules souches embryonnaires murines

Le gène unr (upstream of N-ras) code une protéine de liaison à l ARN, Unr, qui régule la stabilité et la traduction d ARN messagers cibles. L invalidation du gène unr chez la souris conduit à une létalité embryonnaire à mi-gestation (10,5 jours post-coitum, jpc). Unr est donc essentielle pour le développement de la souris. Le phénotype le plus frappant des embryons unr-/- est leur petite taille qui est déjà visible à 8,5jpc. Ce phénotype pourrait refléter un problème précoce de prolifération/différenciation au cours du développement qu il est possible d étudier dans les cellules souches embryonnaires (ES). Les cellules ES sont dérivées des cellules pluripotentes des embryons au stade blastocyste (3,5jpc). Les cellules ES peuvent s auto-renouveler c est à dire proliférer indéfiniment sous forme non différenciée ce qui correspond à leur état pluripotent ou différencier en tous les types cellulaires (lignages) adultes dérivés des feuillets primordiaux (endoderme définitif, mésoderme et ectoderme) ce que défini la pluripotence. Ces deux propriétés des cellules ES conditionnent leur devenir et définissent leur identité. Nous avons remarqué que les cellules ES unr-/- ont tendance à différencier spontanément alors qu elles sont cultivées dans des conditions qui les maintiennent dans un état non différencié et prolifératif (état pluripotent). En routine, les cultures de cellules ES unr-/- contiennent environ 25% de cellules morphologiquement différenciées. Nos travaux montrent en effet, qu elles différencient en endoderme primitif. Nous avons reproduit ce phénotype dans une autre lignée des cellules ES de fond génétique différent par déplétion stable d Unr. La restauration de l expression d Unr dans les cellules ES unr-/- limite fortement leur engagement en différenciation. Unr contribue donc au maintient de l état pluripotent des cellules ES en prévenant leur différenciation spontanée vers le lignage endodermique primitif (Epr). Ce tissu au cours du développement va former l épithélium de la poche embryonnaire ou sac vitellin. Nos données préliminaires montrent que les cellules ES en absence d Unr maintiennent tout de même leur capacité de différenciation multi-lignages (endoderme définitif, mésoderme et ectoderme) quand celle-ci est induite. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés au(x) mécanisme(s) d action d Unr. Nous avons fait l hypothèse qu Unr pourrait directement agir en régulant positivement des gènes qui inhibent la différenciation des cellules ES en Epr ou en régulant négativement des gènes qui l induisent. Nous avons identifié le gène gata6 comme cible potentielle d Unr. Une augmentation modérée de l expression du facteur de transcription Gata6 dans les cellules ES conduit à une autorégulation positive du gène gata6 et induit la différenciation des cellules ES en Epr. Nos données suggèrent qu Unr pourrait directement déstabiliser les ARNms Gata6 dans les cellules ES afin de prévenir leur différenciation spontanée en Endoderme primitif.Unr (upstream of N-ras) is a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with cold shock domains, involved in regulation of messenger RNA stability and translation. Unr is essential to mouse development since Embryos deficient for Unr die at mid-gestation. Here we report that unr knockout ES cells maintained under growth conditions that sustain self-renewal spontaneously differentiate toward the primitive endoderm (PrE) lineage. This phenotype was reproduced in another ES line (E14tg2a) after shRNA-induced Unr depletion. Moreover, Unr rescue in Unr-deficient ES cells limits their PrE differentiation engagement. However, Unr is dispensable for multilineage differentiation, as shown by knockout ES cells capacity to produce differentiated teratomas. We further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation of unr-/- ES to primitive endoderm, and found that Unr acts downstream of Nanog. Our data also show Gata6 mRNAs are more stable in Unr-deficient ES cells as compared to wild-type ES cells. We propose that the possible repression by Unr of this key inducer of PrE differentiation at a post-transcriptional level may contributes to the stabilization of ES cells pluripotent state.BORDEAUX2-Bib. électronique (335229905) / SudocSudocFranceF

The RNA-Binding Protein Unr Prevents Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiation Toward the Primitive Endoderm Lineage

International audienceThe maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) pluripotency depends on key transcription factors, chromatin remodeling proteins, and microRNAs. The roles of RNA-binding proteins are however poorly understood. We report that the cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein Unr prevents the differentiation of ESCs into primitive endoderm (PrE). We show that unr knockout (unr(-/-) ) ESCs spontaneously differentiate into PrE, and that Unr re-expression in unr(-/-) ESCs reverses this phenotype. Nevertheless, unr(-/-) ESCs retain pluripotency, producing differentiated teratomas, and the differentiated unr(-/-) ESCs coexpress the PrE inducer Gata6 and the pluripotency factors Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. Interestingly, in the differentiated unr(-/-) ESCs, Nanog and Sox2 exhibit a dual nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. This situation, that has never been reported, likely reflects an early differentiation state toward PrE. Finally, we show that Unr destabilizes Gata6 mRNAs and we propose that the post-transcriptional repression of Gata6 expression by Unr contributes to the stabilization of the ESCs pluripotent state

Unr Is Required In Vivo for Efficient Initiation of Translation from the Internal Ribosome Entry Sites of both Rhinovirus and Poliovirus

Translation of picornavirus RNAs is mediated by internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements and requires both standard eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) and IRES-specific cellular trans-acting factors (ITAFs). Unr, a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that contains five cold-shock domains and is encoded by the gene upstream of N-ras, stimulates translation directed by the human rhinovirus (HRV) IRES in vitro. To examine the role of Unr in translation of picornavirus RNAs in vivo, we derived murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in which either one (−/+) or both (−/−) copies of the unr gene were disrupted by homologous recombination. The activity of picornaviral IRES elements was analyzed in unr(+/+), unr(+/−), and unr(−/−) cell lines. Translation directed by the HRV IRES was severely impaired in unr(−/−) cells, as was that directed by the poliovirus IRES, revealing a requirement for Unr not previously observed in vitro. Transient expression of Unr in unr(−/−) cells efficiently restored the HRV and poliovirus IRES activities. In contrast, the IRES elements of encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth-disease virus are not Unr dependent. Thus, Unr is a specific regulator of HRV and poliovirus translation in vivo and may represent a cell-specific determinant limiting replication of these viruses

A Mechanism for Translationally Coupled mRNA Turnover: Interaction between the Poly(A) Tail and a c-fos RNA Coding Determinant via a Protein Complex

International audiencemRNA turnover mediated by the major protein-coding-region determinant of instability (mCRD) of the c-fos proto-oncogene transcript illustrates a functional interplay between mRNA turnover and translation. We show that the function of mCRD depends on its distance from the poly(A) tail. Five mCRD-associated proteins were identified: Unr, a purine-rich RNA binding protein; PABP, a poly(A) binding protein; PAIP-1, a poly(A) binding protein interacting protein; hnRNP D, an AU-rich element binding protein; and NSAP1, an hnRNP R-like protein. These proteins form a multiprotein complex. Overexpression of these proteins stabilized mCRD-containing mRNA by impeding deadenylation. We propose that a bridging complex forms between the poly(A) tail and the mCRD and ribosome transit disrupts or reorganizes the complex, leading to rapid RNA deadenylation and decay

Unr defines a novel class of nucleoplasmic reticulum involved in mRNA translation

International audienceUnr (officially known as CSDE1) is a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with roles in the regulation of mRNA stability and translation. In this study, we identified a novel function for Unr, which acts as a positive regulator of placental development. Unr expression studies in the developing placenta revealed the presence of Unr-rich foci that are apparently located in the nuclei of trophoblast giant cells (TGCs). We determined that what we initially thought to be foci, were actually cross sections of a network of double-wall nuclear membrane invaginations that contain a cytoplasmic core related to the nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR). We named them, accordingly, Unr-NRs. Unr-NRs constitute a novel type of NR because they contain high levels of poly(A) RNA and translation factors, and are sites of active translation. In murine tissues, Unr-NRs are only found in two polyploid cell types, in TGCs and hepatocytes. In vitro, their formation is linked to stress and polyploidy because, in three cancer cell lines, cytotoxic drugs that are known to promote polyploidization induce their formation. Finally, we show that Unr is required in vivo for the formation of Unr-containing NRs because these structures are absent in Unr-null TGCs

A functional screening identifies five micrornas controlling glypican-3: role of mir-1271 down-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma

International audienceHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major primary liver cancer. Glypican-3 (GPC3), one of the most abnormally expressed genes in HCC, participates in liver carcinogenesis. Based on data showing that GPC3 expression is posttranscriptionally altered in HCC cells compared to primary hepatocytes, we investigated the implication of microRNAs (miRNAs) in GPC3 overexpression and HCC. To identify GPC3-regulating miRNAs, we developed a dual-fluorescence FunREG (functional, integrated, and quantitative method to measure posttranscriptional regulations) system that allowed us to screen a library of 876 individual miRNAs. Expression of candidate miRNAs and that of GPC3 messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured in 21 nontumoral liver and 112 HCC samples. We then characterized the phenotypic consequences of modulating expression of one candidate miRNA in HuH7 cells and deciphered the molecular mechanism by which this miRNA controls the posttranscriptional regulation of GPC3. We identified five miRNAs targeting GPC3 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and regulating its expression about the 876 tested. Whereas miR-96 and its paralog miR-1271 repressed GPC3 expression, miR-129-1-3p, miR-1291, and miR-1303 had an inducible effect. We report that miR-1271 expression is down-regulated in HCC tumor samples and inversely correlates with GPC3 mRNA expression in a particular subgroup of HCC. We also report that miR-1271 inhibits the growth of HCC cells in a GPC3-dependent manner and induces cell death.CONCLUSION:Using a functional screen, we found that miR-96, miR-129-1-3p, miR-1271, miR-1291, and miR-1303 differentially control GPC3 expression in HCC cells. In a subgroup of HCC, the up-regulation of GPC3 was associated with a concomitant down-regulation of its repressor miR-1271. Therefore, we propose that GPC3 overexpression and its associated oncogenic effects are linked to the down-regulation of miR-1271 in HCC