Burying non-radiative defects in InGaN underlayer to increase InGaN/GaN quantum well efficiency

The insertion of an InGaN underlayer (UL) is known to strongly improve the performance of InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) based blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the actual physical mechanism responsible for it is still unclear. We thus conduct a systematic study and investigate different hypotheses. To this aim, InGaN/GaN single (S) QWs are grown on sapphire and GaN free-standing substrates with or without InGaN UL. This allows us to conclude that (i) improvement of LED performance is due to a higher internal quantum efficiency of the InGaN/ GaN SQW and (ii) reduction of structural defects is not at play. Furthermore, we show that neither the surface morphology nor the strain of the top GaN layer before the growth of the QW is affected by the InGaN UL. Finally, we find that the beneficial effect of the InGaN UL is still present after 100 nm of GaN. This result combined with band structure modelling rules out the hypothesis of higher QW oscillator strength induced by a reduction of the internal electric field due to band bending. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the increase in InGaN/GaN QW efficiency is the consequence of a reduction of non-radiative recombination centers in the QW itself, independent of the dislocation density. (C) 2017 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/ 4.0/)

Evaluation des déversements de pluies d'orage et de leurs effets sur un petit ruisseau périurbain, le Peugue

Objective of the three-year monitoring study on the Peugue, which started in 1996, was to understand the effects of wet weather flows and runoff pollutants on the Peugue ecosystem from upstream to downstream, in order to design an optimal management program for flood protection while maintaining protection for the Peugue ecosystem, and then to develop a transposable general methodology for measuring the effects of stormwater on the aquatic ecosystem. During rainfall events, the Peugue river is used as a separate stormwater sewer system. The basin drains a 676-ha semi-urban area. In the upstream part of this catchment, the residential development is new and sparse with many wooded areas. Housing becomes more and more dense in the downstream part. The descriptive linear approach of the Peugue stream allowed the highlighting of various basic elements relative to the functioning of this system. On a hydrological level, the inertia of the flow related to the rain is weak. The flow variations (measured at Le Burck) are significant and sudden, able to pass in one hour from a few tens of l/s to more than one m3/s. From the whole of the analytical results obtained, the physicochemical quality of the Peugue water arises strongly degrading from upstream to downstream. The metal contents of the sediments are in the same order of magnitude as those measured on surface corings carried out in the laying-up of Bourgailh basin. Macrophyte index results are in good coherence with the results of physicochemical quality of water. This is particularly well illustrated between Peugue and its affluent. More generally, a good correlation between the various biological (macrophytes, diatoms) and physico-chemical parameters and the various discharges indexed is registered

Nanometer-scale monitoring of the quantum confined stark effect and emission efficiency droop in multiple GaN/AlN quantum disks in nanowires

21 pages, 11 figures, published in PRBInternational audienceWe report on a detailed study of the intensity dependent optical properties of individual GaN/AlN Quantum Disks (QDisks) embedded into GaN nanowires (NW). The structural and optical properties of the QDisks were probed by high spatial resolution cathodoluminescence (CL) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). By exciting the QDisks with a nanometric electron beam at currents spanning over 3 orders of magnitude, strong non-linearities (energy shifts) in the light emission are observed. In particular, we find that the amount of energy shift depends on the emission rate and on the QDisk morphology (size, position along the NW and shell thickness). For thick QDisks (>4nm), the QDisk emission energy is observed to blue-shift with the increase of the emission intensity. This is interpreted as a consequence of the increase of carriers density excited by the incident electron beam inside the QDisks, which screens the internal electric field and thus reduces the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) present in these QDisks. For thinner QDisks (<3 nm), the blue-shift is almost absent in agreement with the negligible QCSE at such sizes. For QDisks of intermediate sizes there exists a current threshold above which the energy shifts, marking the transition from unscreened to partially screened QCSE. From the threshold value we estimate the lifetime in the unscreened regime. These observations suggest that, counterintuitively, electrons of high energy can behave ultimately as single electron-hole pair generators. In addition, when we increase the current from 1 pA to 10 pA the light emission efficiency drops by more than one order of magnitude. This reduction of the emission efficiency is a manifestation of the efficiency droop as observed in nitride-based 2D light emitting diodes, a phenomenon tentatively attributed to the Auger effect

Development of Atomic Layer Etching (ALEt) for GaN-based materials

International audienc

1 beta-methylcarbapenem intermediates via the thiolysis of a Meldrum's precursor

5-{3-[1-(tert-Butyidimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-azetidin-2-yl}-2,2,5-trimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (3) has been submitted to nucleophilic attack with various nucleophiles. Meldrum's moiety transesterification, C4-substitution, beta -lactam ring opening and Meldrum's moiety decarboxylation were observed. Reaction of 3 with ethanethiol and dimethylaminopyridine in ethanol quantitatively furnished ethyl 2-{3-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]-4-oxo-azetidin-2-yl}-thiopropionate as the 1:1 mixture of beta (7a) and alpha (8a) diastereoisomers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved