America\u27s De Facto Guest Workers: Lessons from Germany\u27s Gastarbeiter for U.S. Immigration Reform

Part I of this Note describes West Germany\u27s post-war Gastarbeiter [guest worker] program from 1961 to 1972. Part II focuses on the long-term results of the Gastarbeiter program, with special emphasis on the legal status of Turkish Gastarbeiter in Germany. This assessment concludes that guest worker programs inevitably result in the permanent settlement of foreigners in the host country. If not properly anticipated and planned for, this settlement leads to social stratification and political divisiveness. Part II also presents for comparison U.S. immigration policies and their effect on Mexican immigrant workers. The section asserts that the United States over the past two decades has implemented a de facto guest worker policy, which led to many of the same adverse consequences wrought by Germany\u27s Gastarbeiter program, including the permanent settlement and subsequent marginalization of undocumented immigrants from Mexico. Part III concludes that temporary worker programs, formal or de facto, have irreversible and adverse sociopolitical consequences for their participants and the countries that adopt these policies. Accordingly, this Note cautions against the adoption of a formal temporary worker program in the United States and argues that the permanent legalization of undocumented immigrants is the most judicious means of reversing recent trends

Consensus Development at NIH: What Went Wrong

A close observer identifies the Science Court concept as inspiring consensus development conferences at the National Institutes of Health and describes the extent to which they have followed the model. Professor Jacoby also argues that, if the model were more closely followed, conference objectives would be better realized

The Legal Infrastructure of Ex Post Consumer Debtor Protections

This article reviews the legal infrastructure of tools that protect debtors’ assets or income, or that enable debtors to resolve secured credit problems during ordinary times (e.g., not specific crisis interventions). Part I divides consumer protection tools into functional categories: protection of assets and future income, and retention of property subject to a security interest in default. Part II identifies the location of similar tools in federal law, uniform state law, and non-uniform state law. Part III examines implications of this divided system, with a special focus on the bundling of debtor protections and the role of intermediaries. This discussion helps the reader imagine improvements to consumer protection whether or not new legal tools are added

The Classification of Zp\mathbb{Z}_p-Modules with Partial Decomposition Bases in L∞ωL_{\infty\omega}

Ulm's Theorem presents invariants that classify countable abelian torsion groups up to isomorphism. Barwise and Eklof extended this result to the classification of arbitrary abelian torsion groups up to $L_{\infty \omega}$-equivalence. In this paper, we extend this classification to a class of mixed $\mathbb{Z}_p$-modules which includes all Warfield modules and is closed under $L_{\infty\omega}$-equivalence. The defining property of these modules is the existence of what we call a partial decomposition basis, a generalization of the concept of decomposition basis. We prove a complete classification theorem in $L_{\infty\omega}$ using invariants deduced from the classical Ulm and Warfield invariants