A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SUPERMARKET MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Empirically based management practice indices are constructed using results from factor analysis of data from 344 stores in the 2000 Supermarket Panel. These indices are compared to six management indices based on expert opinion. The empirical indices group variables differently and provide a more compact summary of supermarket management practices.Agribusiness,

THE 2001 SUPERMARKET PANEL ANNUAL REPORT

The Supermarket Panel collects data annually from individual supermarkets on store characteristics, operations, and performance. It was established in 1998 by the Food Industry Center as the basis for ongoing study of the supermarket industry. The Panel is unique because the unit of analysis is the individual store and the same stores are tracked over time. This makes it possible to analyze the processes by which new technologies, business practices, and competitive forces are changing the industry. The 2001 Supermarket Panel consists of 563 stores selected at random from the nearly 32,000 supermarkets in the U.S. or invited to participate through their affiliation with IGA. These 563 stores are located in forty-seven states and the District of Columbia. They are a representative cross section of the industry, including stores from all formats that belong to ownership groups ranging from single stores to the country's largest chains.Agribusiness, Industrial Organization, Marketing,

THE 2002 SUPERMARKET PANEL ANNUAL REPORT

The Supermarket Panel collects data annually from individual supermarkets on store characteristics, operations, and performance. It was established in 1998 by the Food Industry Center as the basis for ongoing study of the supermarket industry. The Panel is unique because the unit of analysis is the individual store and the same stores are tracked over time. This makes it possible to analyze the processes by which new technologies, business practices, and competitive forces are changing the industry. The 2002 Supermarket Panel consists of 866 stores selected at random from the nearly 32,000 supermarkets in the U.S. or invited to participate through their affiliation with cooperating retail companies or IGA. These 866 stores are located in forty-nine states. They are a representative cross section of the industry, including stores from all formats that belong to ownership groups ranging from single stores to the countrys largest chains.Industrial Organization, Marketing,

REVIEWS: Professional Materials

Science Learning: Processes and Applications. Carol Minnick Santa and Donna E. Alvermann (Eds.) 1991. Books for Children and Young Adults: The Day Patch Stood Guard; The Day Veronica Was Nosy; The Day Sidney Ran Off; The Day the Ducks Went Skating; The Pumpkin Man and the Craft Creeper; Monster Goes to School; Monster\u27s Birthday Hiccups; Fast Forward; Reynard the Fox; Androcles and the Lion and Other Aesop\u27s Fables; Tales of Edgar Allen Poe; Oscar Wilde: The Happy Prince and Other Storie

Characterization of Pallid Sturgeon (\u3ci\u3eScaphirhynchus albus\u3c/i\u3e) Spawning Habitat in the Lower Missouri River

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish) globally have declined throughout their range due to river fragmentation, habitat loss, overfishing, and degradation of water quality. In North America, pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) populations have experienced poor to no recruitment, or substantial levels of hybridization with the closely related shovelnose sturgeon (S. platorynchus). The Lower Missouri River is the only portion of the species’ range where successful reproduction and recruitment of genetically pure pallid sturgeon have been documented. This paper documents spawning habitat and behavior on the Lower Missouri River, which comprises over 1,300 km of unfragmented river habitat. The objective of this study was to determine spawning locations and describe habitat characteristics and environmental conditions (depth, water velocity, substrate, discharge, temperature, and turbidity) on the Lower Missouri River. We measured habitat characteristics for spawning events of ten telemetry-tagged female pallid sturgeon from 2008–2013 that occurred in discrete reaches distributed over hundreds of kilometers. These results show pallid sturgeon select deep and fast areas in or near the navigation channel along outside revetted banks for spawning. These habitats are deeper and faster than nearby river habitats within the surrounding river reach. Spawning patches have a mean depth of 6.6 m and a mean depth-averaged water-column velocity of 1.4 m per second. Substrates in spawning patches consist of coarse bank revetment, gravel, sand, and bedrock. Results indicate habitat used by pallid sturgeon for spawning is more common and widespread in the present-day channelized Lower Missouri River relative to the sparse and disperse coarse substrates available prior to channelization. Understanding the spawning habitats currently utilized on the Lower Missouri River and if they are functioning properly is important for improving habitat remediation measures aimed at increasing reproductive success. Recovery efforts for pallid sturgeon on the Missouri River, if successful, can provide guidance to sturgeon recovery on other river systems; particularly large, regulated, and channelized rivers

Some Properties of Noether Charge and a Proposal for Dynamical Black Hole Entropy

We consider a general, classical theory of gravity with arbitrary matter fields in $n$ dimensions, arising from a diffeomorphism invariant Lagrangian, \bL. We first show that \bL always can be written in a ``manifestly covariant" form. We then show that the symplectic potential current $(n-1)$-form, $\th$, and the symplectic current $(n-1)$-form, \om, for the theory always can be globally defined in a covariant manner. Associated with any infinitesimal diffeomorphism is a Noether current $(n-1)$-form, \bJ, and corresponding Noether charge $(n-2)$-form, \bQ. We derive a general ``decomposition formula" for \bQ. Using this formula for the Noether charge, we prove that the first law of black hole mechanics holds for arbitrary perturbations of a stationary black hole. (For higher derivative theories, previous arguments had established this law only for stationary perturbations.) Finally, we propose a local, geometrical prescription for the entropy, $S_{dyn}$, of a dynamical black hole. This prescription agrees with the Noether charge formula for stationary black holes and their perturbations, and is independent of all ambiguities associated with the choices of \bL, $\th$, and \bQ. However, the issue of whether this dynamical entropy in general obeys a ``second law" of black hole mechanics remains open. In an appendix, we apply some of our results to theories with a nondynamical metric and also briefly develop the theory of stress-energy pseudotensors.Comment: 30 pages, LaTe

HLA homozygosity does not adversely affect measles vaccine-induced cytokine responses

AbstractThe association between HLA homozygosity and measles-specific Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12p40) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine responses were assessed in a group of 339 healthy schoolchildren 12–18 years of age previously immunized with two doses of live-attenuated measles virus vaccine. No associations were observed between class I HLA homozygosity and measles-specific cytokine levels. Children who were homozygous at the class II DRB1, DQA1, DPA1 and DPB1 loci had higher median IFN-γ secretion levels compared with children who were heterozygous for DRB1 (77.7 vs. 39.5 pg/ml, p=0.05), DQA1 (60.9 vs. 36.6 pg/ml, p=0.03), DPA1 (46.1 vs. 27.1 pg/ml, p=0.01) and DPB1 (61.5 vs. 36.0 pg/ml, p=0.01) loci, respectively. Homozygosity at increasing numbers of HLA loci ( >=4) was associated with increased IFN-γ secretion levels (test for trend p-value=0.01). Our results suggest that HLA homozygosity showed no disadvantage for measles-specific cytokine responses and instead was associated with increased IFN-γ levels

Noether Currents of Charged Spherical Black Holes

We calculate the Noether currents and charges for Einstein-Maxwell theory using a version of the Wald approach. In spherical symmetry, the choice of time can be taken as the Kodama vector. For the static case, the resulting combined Einstein-Maxwell charge is just the mass of the black hole. Using either a classically defined entropy or the Iyer-Wald selection rules, the entropy is found to be just a quarter of the area of the trapping horizon. We propose identifying the combined Noether charge as an energy associated with the Kodama time. For the extremal black hole case, we discuss the problem of Wald's rescaling of the surface gravity to define the entropy.Comment: 4 page