514 research outputs found
Imaging of the anorectal region
Abstract
Imaging of anorectal region has drastically changed during the last decade. Transrectal ultrasound and transrectal MRI can be used for staging the rectal tumours. Endoanal sonography can be applied for the classification of perianal fistulae and identification of anal sphincter defects in patients with faecal incontinence. Due to the limitations of endoanal sonography, endoanal MRI was introduced to assess the pathology related to the anal sphincter complex. Endoanal MRI seems superior to endoanal sonography. This paper describes the new developments of the imaging techniques and presents new insights in anatomy and pathology of the anorectum
Phenotypic blood glutathione concentration and selenium supplementation interactions on meat colour stability and fatty acid concentrations in Merino lambs
The interaction between blood glutathione (GSH) and supplementation of selenium (Se, 2.5 mg/kg diet) on meat colour and fatty acids concentrations was studied. Forty eight Merino lambs selected for high blood GSH (HGSH) or low GSH (LGSH) concentration were used. They were fed individually with or without Se supplement for 8 weeks. There were interactions (P< 0.05) between GSH and Se on the colour stability (as w630 nm/w580 nm ratio) of m. longissimus (LD), m. semimembranosus (SM) and m. semitendinosus. Without Se supplementation the ratio was higher in HGSH than LGSH group. However, the difference was reduced with Se supplement. Polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids in SM and LD were higher in HGSH than in LGSH group (P< 0.05), and did not change with Se supplement. Se supplementation increased Se content in LD (P< 0.001) and the lungs (P< 0.05), but had no influence in the heart
Numerical balancing in a humidification dehumidification desalination system
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-118).This thesis details research on the thermal and concentration balancing of a humidification dehumidification desalination system. The system operates similarly to the natural rain cycle. Seawater is heated, sprayed into an airstream to increase the air's humidity, then pure water is condensed out of the same stream in a separate unit. These systems are typically inefficient due to entropy generation caused by mismatch between the temperature and humidity profiles in both the humidifier and dehumidifier components. Numerical models are developed for several different systems, and it is shown that for a given system with fixed inputs, entropy generation is minimized by way of balancing; i.e., the extraction and reinjection of the water or air streams within the humidifier and dehumidifier to equalize the capacity rates of the streams. Several modifications to existing baseline cycles are made to reach cases of minimum entropy generation. In these cases, the performance of the system is dramatically improved and the amount of energy needed to drive the system is reduced. For both on and off-design models, the addition of multiple extractions markedly improves the performance as compared to a baseline case with no extractions.by Jacob A. Miller.S.M
Combining geometric edge detectors for feature detection
We propose a novel framework for the analysis and modeling of discrete edge filters, based on the notion of signed rays. This framework will allow us to easily deduce the geometric and localization properties of a family of first-order filters, and use this information to design custom filter banks for specific applications. As an example, a set of angle-selective corner detectors is constructed for the detection of buildings in video sequences. This clearly illustrates the merit of the theory for solving practical recognition problems
Endoanal MRI of the anal sphincter complex: correlation with cross-sectional anatomy and histology
The purpose of this study was to correlate the in vivo endoanal MRI
findings of the anal sphincter with the cross-sectional anatomy and
histology. Fourteen patients with rectal tumours were examined with a
rigid endoanal MR coil before undergoing abdominoperineal resection. In
addition, 12 cadavers were used to obtain cross-sectional anatomical
sections. The images were correlated with the histology and anatomy of the
resected rectal specimens as well as with the cross-sectional anatomical
sections of the 12 cadavers. The findings in 8 patients, 11 rectal
preparations, and 10 cadavers, could be compared. In these cases, there
was an excellent correlation between endoanal MRI and the cross-sectional
cadaver anatomy and histology. With endoanal MRI, all muscle layers of the
anal canal wall, comprising the internal anal sphincter, longitudinal
muscle, the external anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle wer
Serotonin receptor inhibitor is associated with falls independent of frailty in older adults
Objectives: To evaluate whether fall risk in older adults is associated with the use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitor (SSRI) monotherapy among geriatric outpatients, and whether this association is moderated by the presence of depressive disorder and/or frailty. Methods: Prospective cohort study with a 12-month follow-up and including 811 community-dwelling adults aged 60 or older from a university-based Geriatric Outpatient Unit. Major depressive disorder (MDD) was diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria; subsyndromal depression as not meeting MDD criteria, but a Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item score ? 6 points. Frailty was evaluated with the FRAIL questionnaire. The association between SSRI use, depression, or both as well as the association between SSRI use, frailty, or both with falls were estimated through a generalized estimating equation (GEE) adjusted for relevant confounders. Results: At baseline, 297 patients (36.6%) used a SSRI (82 without remitted depression) and 306 (37.7%) were classified as physically frail. Frailty was more prevalent among SSRI users (44.8% versus 33.7%, p =.004). After 12 months, 179 participants had at least one fall (22.1%). SSRI use, depression as well as frailty were all independently associated with falls during follow-up. Nonetheless, patients with concurrent of SSRI usage and non-remitted depression had no higher risk compared to either remitted SSRI users or depressed patients without SSRIs. In contrast, concurrence of SSRI use and frailty increases the risk of falling substantially above those by SSRI usage or frailty alone. Conclusion: SSRI usage was independently associated with falls. Especially in frail-depressed patients, treatment strategies for depression other than SSRIs should be considered
Planktic foraminifera form their shells via metastable carbonate phases
The calcium carbonate shells of planktic foraminifera provide our most valuable geochemical archive of ocean surface conditions and climate spanning the last 100 million years, and play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle. These shells are preserved in marine sediments as calcite, the stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. Here, we show that shells of living planktic foraminifers Orbulina universa and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei originally form from the unstable calcium carbonate polymorph vaterite, implying a non-classical crystallisation pathway involving metastable phases that transform ultimately to calcite. The current understanding of how planktic foraminifer shells record climate, and how they will fare in a future high-CO 2 world is underpinned by analogy to the precipitation and dissolution of inorganic calcite. Our findings require a re-evaluation of this paradigm to consider the formation and transformation of metastable phases, which could exert an influence on the geochemistry and solubility of the biomineral calcite
Towards a unique formula for neutrino oscillations in vacuum
We show that all correct results obtained by applying quantum field theory to
neutrino oscillations can be understood in terms of a single oscillation
formula. In particular, the model proposed by Grimus and Stockinger is shown to
be a subcase of the model proposed by Giunti, Kim and Lee, while the new
oscillation formulas proposed by Ioannisian and Pilaftsis and by Shtanov are
disproved. We derive an oscillation formula without making any relativistic
assumption and taking into account the dispersion, so that the result is valid
for both neutrinos and mesons. This unification gives a stronger
phenomenological basis to the neutrino oscillation formula. We also prove that
the coherence length can be increased without bound by more accurate energy
measurements. Finally, we insist on the wave packet interpretation of the
quantum field treatments of oscillations.Comment: 30 pages, 1 figure; the proof that plane wave oscillations do no
exist is extended to stationary models; the influence of dispersion is
explained in more detail
Constraints on growth index parameters from current and future observations
We use current and future simulated data of the growth rate of large scale
structure in combination with data from supernova, BAO, and CMB surface
measurements, in order to put constraints on the growth index parameters. We
use a recently proposed parameterization of the growth index that interpolates
between a constant value at high redshifts and a form that accounts for
redshift dependencies at small redshifts. We also suggest here another
exponential parameterization with a similar behaviour. The redshift dependent
parametrizations provide a sub-percent precision level to the numerical growth
function, for the full redshift range. Using these redshift parameterizations
or a constant growth index, we find that current available data from galaxy
redshift distortions and Lyman-alpha forests is unable to put significant
constraints on any of the growth parameters. For example both CDM and
flat DGP are allowed by current growth data. We use an MCMC analysis to study
constraints from future growth data, and simulate pessimistic and moderate
scenarios for the uncertainties. In both scenarios, the redshift
parameterizations discussed are able to provide significant constraints and
rule out models when incorrectly assumed in the analysis. The values taken by
the constant part of the parameterizations as well as the redshift slopes are
all found to significantly rule out an incorrect background. We also find that,
for our pessimistic scenario, an assumed constant growth index over the full
redshift range is unable to rule out incorrect models in all cases. This is due
to the fact that the slope acts as a second discriminator at smaller redshifts
and therefore provide a significant test to identify the underlying gravity
theory.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, matches JCAP accepted versio
A minimal set of invariants as a systematic approach to higher order gravity models: Physical and Cosmological Constraints
We compare higher order gravity models to observational constraints from
magnitude-redshift supernova data, distance to the last scattering surface of
the CMB, and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. We follow a recently proposed
systematic approach to higher order gravity models based on minimal sets of
curvature invariants, and select models that pass some physical acceptability
conditions (free of ghost instabilities, real and positive propagation speeds,
and free of separatrices). Models that satisfy these physical and observational
constraints are found in this analysis and do provide fits to the data that are
very close to those of the LCDM concordance model. However, we find that the
limitation of the models considered here comes from the presence of
superluminal mode propagations for the constrained parameter space of the
models.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure
- …