Generalized sampling interpolation of noisy gravity/gravity gradient data

The generalized sampling expansion (GSE) has been shown as a method for successfully interpolating combined gravity and gravity gradient data sets when the data are undersampled. The presence of noise on data sets renders such interpolation more difficult and many applications (known as expansions) of the GSE can be shown to intolerably amplify noise. However, many key expansions can be shown to successfully interpolate noisy data and even, given limited gradient error and sufficiently narrow line-spacing, reduce noise. These results can be shown to hold for both random noise and along-line correlated (levelling error type) noise. Unfortunately, the only expansion capable of interpolating a data set sampled at 3× conventional line-spacing, the Three-rectangle expansion, has a poor noise response and always acts to amplify data error. The GSE method bares up well against other methods of gradient enhanced interpolation; in numerical tests several expansions for the gravity field produce less noisy output than any of the pseudo-line, gradient enhanced minimum curvature or gradient enhanced Akima spline methods. Despite edge effects and using only gradient data with no gravity component, the GSE applied to real undersampled survey data bares up well against conventional interpolation, reducing noise where the data are clearly undersample

Overview of the Tevatron Collider Complex: Goals, Operations and Performance

For more than two decades the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider was the centerpiece of the world's high energy physics program. The collider was arguably one of the most complex research instruments ever to reach the operation stage and is widely recognized for numerous physics discoveries and for many technological breakthroughs. In this article we outline the historical background that led to the construction of the Tevatron Collider, the strategy applied to evolution of performance goals over the Tevatron's operational history, and briefly describe operations of each accelerator in the chain and achieved performance.Comment: Includes modifications suggested by reviewer

Innovative, High-Pressure, Cryogenic Control Valve: Short Face-to-Face, Reduced Cost

A control valve that can throttle high-pressure cryogenic fluid embodies several design features that distinguish it over conventional valves designed for similar applications. Field and design engineers worked together to create a valve that would simplify installation, trim changes, and maintenance, thus reducing overall cost. The seals and plug stem packing were designed to perform optimally in cryogenic temperature ranges. Unlike conventional high-pressure cryogenic valves, the trim size can be changed independent of the body

Beautiful Brown Eyes

Photograph of Joan Edwards; Illustration of music notehttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/8993/thumbnail.jp

Subduction and vertical coastal motions in the eastern Mediterranean

Convergence in the eastern Mediterranean of oceanic Nubia with Anatolia and the Aegean is complex and poorly understood. Large volumes of sediment obscure the shallow structure of the subduction zone, and since much of the convergence is accommodated aseismically, there are limited earthquake data to constrain its kinematics. We present new source models for recent earthquakes, combining these with field observations, published GPS velocities and reflection-seismic data to investigate faulting in three areas: the Florence Rise, SW Turkey and the Pliny and Strabo Trenches. The depths and locations of earthquakes reveal the geometry of the subducting Nubian plate NE of the Florence Rise, a bathymetric high that is probably formed by deformation of sediment at the surface projection of the Anatolia–Nubia subduction interface. In SW Turkey, the presence of a strike-slip shear zone has often been inferred despite an absence of strike-slip earthquakes. We show that the GPS-derived strain-rate field is consistent with extension on the orthogonal systems of normal faults observed in the region and that strike-slip faulting is not required to explain observed GPS velocities. Further SW, the Pliny and Strabo Trenches are also often interpreted as strike-slip shear zones, but almost all nearby earthquakes have either reverse-faulting or normal-faulting focal mechanisms. Oblique convergence across the trenches may be accommodated either by a partitioned system of strike-slip and reverse faults or by oblique slip on the Aegean–Nubia subduction interface. The observed late-Quaternary vertical motions of coastlines close to the subduction zone are influenced by the interplay between: (1) thickening of the material overriding the subduction interface associated with convergence, which promotes coastal uplift; and (2) subsidence due to extension and associated crustal thinning. Long-wavelength gravity data suggest that some of the observed topographic contrasts in the eastern Mediterranean are supported by mantle convection. However, whether the convection is time dependent and whether its pattern moves relative to Nubia are uncertain, and its contribution to present-day rates of vertical coastal motions is therefore hard to constrain. The observed extension of the overriding material in the subduction system is probably partly related to buoyancy forces arising from topographic contrasts between the Aegean, Anatolia and the Mediterranean seafloor, but the reasons for regional variations are less clear

Component optimisation in the multi-trigger resist

Single exposure EUV patterning for lower pitches (below 32 nm L/S) proves to be challenging and dependent on a series of factors including exposure tool related parameters such as illumination conditions but also material related parameters such as sensitivity to EUV photons and resist chemistry. While the industry is focused on developing a set of universal exposure conditions that can be applied to all resist systems, material suppliers must constantly enhance the exposure mechanism of the resists in order to support further advance in technology. The multi-trigger concept involves a reaction that will only occur when multiple elements of the resist are initiated concurrently and in close spatial proximity in order to enable the catalytic reactions. In high dose areas the resist behaves like a traditional CAR, whilst in low dose areas, such as line edges, the reaction is second-order increasing the chemical gradient. Effectively there is a dose dependent quenching-like behaviour built into the resist, enhancing chemical contrast and thus resolution, whilst eliminating the materials stochastics impact of a separate quencher reducing roughness. The multi-trigger resist (MTR) presented consists of a novel multi-trigger control molecule and a crosslinker, which represent the resist matrix, together with a photoacid generator (PAG). Here we present results from work focused on the enhancement of the high-opacity MTR resist. The absorptivity of the resist can be increased by replacing the standard crosslinker with a high-opacity crosslinker. The absorptivity of the crosslinking molecule can itself be changed by varying both the number of attached photo-absorption groups and by varying the specific choice of the high opacity group. Other modifications to the crosslinking molecule, which are presented, include reducing the steric hindrance of the molecule by changing the structure. The high-opacity crosslinker molecules have been synthesized and then formulated into the MTR resist. We report results obtained using the new MTR system containing this high-opacity cross-linker with a variation of process conditions, and with formulation variations. The lithographic performance of a formulation containing this crosslinker, at pitch 32nm patterned on an NXE3400 is presented. The sensitivity of the resist can be increased by 25% by varying the length of the crosslinker arm whilst keeping other factors such as the number of high opacity groups constant. Furthermore, we have also investigated increasing the activation energy of the self-quenching aspect of the MTR system. In the case presented, MTR8 has a higher activation energy than MTR2 and MTR4. Having a higher activation energy is predicted to allow the introduction of a post exposed bake (PEB) to increase crosslinking and reduce pattern collapse, whilst simultaneously preserving the self-quenching behaviour. We will present results which show using a higher activation energy molecule (MTR8) results in a minimisation of Z-factor and LWR, when increasing the PEB temperature by 10 degrees compared to MTR4. Pitch 32nm dense line spaces can be patterned at a dose of 49.5mJ/cm2, a line width of 15.5nm and an biased LWR of 3.69nm. Pitch 28nm dense patterns can be patterned at a dose of 59mJ/cm2, a line width of 12.5nm, and a biased LWR of 3.91nm. These resist formulations have also been used to pattern 25nm diameter pillars on a 40nm pitch with a dose of 50mJ/cm2, and a CDU of 2.98nm. High photospeed approaches, which have patterned p24 and p28 lines and p34 hex pillars at sub-30 mJ/cm2 doses are also introduced<br/

The Design and Creation of an Interactive E-Book: "Book of Answer"

Interactive E-book is a digital book which the reader can direct the storyline and interact with it. 'The book of answer' is a kind of popular book that reader can interact with. In this project, we aim to develop an PVE game to simulating the process that the reader interact with the computer with the content of the book saved in. We use Python to realize the interactive dialogue process in GUI (Graphical User Interface).https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1187/5/05201

Network Creation Games: Think Global - Act Local

We investigate a non-cooperative game-theoretic model for the formation of communication networks by selfish agents. Each agent aims for a central position at minimum cost for creating edges. In particular, the general model (Fabrikant et al., PODC'03) became popular for studying the structure of the Internet or social networks. Despite its significance, locality in this game was first studied only recently (Bil\`o et al., SPAA'14), where a worst case locality model was presented, which came with a high efficiency loss in terms of quality of equilibria. Our main contribution is a new and more optimistic view on locality: agents are limited in their knowledge and actions to their local view ranges, but can probe different strategies and finally choose the best. We study the influence of our locality notion on the hardness of computing best responses, convergence to equilibria, and quality of equilibria. Moreover, we compare the strength of local versus non-local strategy-changes. Our results address the gap between the original model and the worst case locality variant. On the bright side, our efficiency results are in line with observations from the original model, yet we have a non-constant lower bound on the price of anarchy.Comment: An extended abstract of this paper has been accepted for publication in the proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Mathematical Foundations on Computer Scienc

Ultra-high carbon fullerene-based spin-on-carbon hardmasks

Fullerene-based spin-on-carbon enables very high carbon content, and shows very high thermal stability, and etch resistance approaching amorphous carbon. Here we describe the performance of the HM1300 fullerene SOC, including results using high temperature inert atmosphere curing. Ohnishi numbers below 1.44 are achieved (measured by elemental analysis) and etch performance improved over the standard bake. A new high carbon crosslinker, designed to link directly to the fullerene cage, and with a carbon content comparable to the fullerene (significantly higher than the previous crosslinker) is also introduced. The new crosslinker is designed to enhance both etch and thermal stability performance