Adsorção de fósforo pelo solo e eficiência de fertilizantes fosfatados com diferente solubilidade em água

Fertilizantes fosfatados devem ser aplicados tendo em vista os atributos do solo. Este estudo foi conduzido para testar fontes de P, distintas quanto à solubilidade, na eficiência agronômica em solos com diferença marcante na capacidade de adsorção de P (CAP). Foram selecionados dois Latossolos com teor muito baixo de P e apresentando baixa e elevada CAP (Lat-BCAP e Lat-ECAP, respectivamente). Ambos foram corrigidos para pH 5,4 e utilizados em experimento em casa-de-vegetação com milho. Os tratamentos foram cinco fontes de P com solubilidade em água diferente (fosfato monocálcico - FMC, "low-grade" superfosfato simples - LG-SSP, multifosfato magnesiano - MFM, fosfato de rocha de Arad - FR, e uma impureza de superfosfatos triplos - H14), aplicadas em quatro doses (12,5, 25,0, 50,0 e 100,0 mg kg-1) mais um controle, em três repetições. As plantas foram colhidas 45 dias apos a germinação. A produção de matéria seca e o fósforo acumulado consistiram as variáveis dependentes. A eficiência agronômica relativa (EAR) foi calculada levando-se em consideração o desempenho de cada fonte em comparação ao padrão, o FMC. Quando aplicadas em baixas doses (12,5 e 25,0 mg kg-1) as fontes alternativas apresentaram maior EAR no solo com elevada CAP. Por exemplo, a EAR foi de 45, 66, 39 e 65% no Lat-ECAP para as fontes LG-SSP, MFM, FR e H14, respectivamente, em oposição a 24, 40, 14 e 47% no Lat-BCAP. Os resultados sugerem que fontes alternativas de P de baixa solubilidade em água podem ser agronomicamente mais eficientes em solos de elevada CAP.Phosphate fertilizers should match soil attributes to enhance agronomic effectiveness and recovery by plants. The purpose of this study was to test the agronomic effectiveness of P sources varying in water solubility on two soils differing widely in P adsorption capacity (PAC). Soils selected for the study were Oxisols with very low available P and presenting low and high PAC (Ox-LPAC and Ox-HPAC, respectively). Both were limed to pH 5.4 in a greenhouse study conducted utilizing corn as the test crop. Treatments consisted of the two soils interacting with five P sources (monocalcium phosphate - MCP, low-grade single superphosphate - LG-SSP, multimagnesium phosphate - MMP, Arad phosphate rock - PR and a P impurity in triple superphosphate - H14), and four rates of P (12.5, 25.0, 50.0 and 100.0 mg kg-1). A control with no P was added for each soil. The treatments were arranged as blocks with three replicates. Plants were harvested 45 d after germination. Dry-matter yield and P uptake were measured and the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) compared with MCP as the standard. When applied in low rates of P (12.5 and 25.0 mg kg-1) the RAE of the alternative sources was higher in the soil with high PAC (45, 66, 39 and 65% in the Ox-HPAC for the LG-SSP, MMP, PR and H14, respectively, as opposed to 24, 40, 14 and 47% in the Ox-LPAC). Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in soils with high PAC

Agronomic effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers varying in water solubility in soils with different p fixation capacity.

O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de fevereiro a março de 2004, e se utilizou um delineamento estatístico de blocos completos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial com cinco fontes de fósforo, quatro doses, dois tipos de solos: (i) de elevada capacidade de fixação (Latossolo Vermelho) e (ii) de baixa capacidade de fixação (Latossolo Amarelo); duas testemunhas sem fósforo e três repetições (126 unidades experimentais). O estudo em casa de vegetação avaliou o efeito da capacidade de fixação sobre a eficiência agronômica relativa (EAR) de fontes alternativas de fósforo com solubilidade variável em água (superfosfato simples de baixa reatividade - LGSSP, multifosfato magnesiano - MFM, fosfato de rocha de Arad - FR, impureza catiônica do tipo H14 - H-14) em relação ao padrão, o fosfato monocálcico - FMC, nas doses de aplicação de 12,5; 25; 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de P total. As amostras de terra foram peneiradas e misturadas com as fontes de fósforo em pó, e milho (Zea mays L. cultivar Sol da Manhã) foi cultivado durante cinco semanas até a colheita. A hipótese testada foi: fontes de fósforo com menor solubilidade em água, em relação às de elevada solubilidade, são mais eficientes em solos de elevada capacidade de fixação de fósforo. Em ambos os solos a produção de matéria seca e o valor de fósforo acumulado seguiram a ordem FMC > MFM = H-14 > LGSSP > FR. A EAR não guardou relação direta com a solubilidade em água ou em CNA + H2O das fontes de fósforo. A eficiência agronômica relativa das fontes com menor solubilidade em água foi maior no solo de mais elevada capacidade de fixação de fósforo quando da aplicação de doses mais baixas de fósforo, o que confirma a hipótese inicial. Sugerem-se novos estudos em condições de casa de vegetação e campo envolvendo, entre outros itens, situações distintas quanto a fontes (tipo e granulometria), tempo e sistemas de cultivo e solos. Novos dados poderão levar a uma melhor utilização das fontes alternativas contendo menor solubilidade em água em relação às fontes tradicionais de elevada solubilidade em água.The greenhouse experiment was developed from February to march 2004 utilizing a factorial design with five sources of phosphorus, four rates, two soils varying in phosphorus adsorption capacity, two controls with no phosphorus and three replicates. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of the soil phosphorus adsorption capacity in the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE, %) of alternative sources of P, varying in water solubility (low grade SSP-LGSSP, magnesium multiphosphate-MFM, Arad phosphate rock-FR, cationic impurity present in triple superphosphate-H14), as compared to the standard with high water solubility (= reagent grade monocalcium phosphate-FMC), in the rates of 12,5; 25,0; 50,0; and 100,0 mg kg-1 of total P. Soil sub samples were sieved and mixed with the P sources in the powder form, and corn (Zea mays cultivar Sol da Manhã) cultivated for five weeks. The hypothesis tested was that the alternative sources would present higher RAE in the soil with higher phosphorus adsorption capacity. The dry matter-yield followed the same trend in both soils with FMC > MFM = H-14 > LGSSP > FR. The RAE did not present a good relation with the water or the neutral ammonium citrate + water solubility of the sources. The RAE of the alternative P sources was higher in all cases in the soil with higher P adsorption capacity when utilizing the lower rates of P, what is in agreement with the hypothesis. New studies are suggested, in greenhouse and specially at field conditions, involving, among other variables, situations related to sources (type and size), time, cultivation system and soils. New datasets can lead to better utilization of phosphorus sources varying in water solubility as related to the traditional sources with high water solubility

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society