How to calculate a maximum heart rate correctly?

Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: body mass index, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained.Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: body mass index, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained

Jak prawidłowo wyliczyć tętno maksymalne?

Abstract: Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: BMI, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained.Tętno maksymalne (HRmax) zwykle określane jest jako najwyższe tętno osiągane podczas maksymalnego wysiłku fizycznego i jest uzależnione przede wszystkim od wieku, ale również, w mniejszym stopniu, od innych parametrów takich jak: wskaźnik masy ciała, skład ciała, wydolność fizyczna, wiek, płeć oraz rodzaj badania wysiłkowego. Dokonywanie pomiaru HRmax ma miejsce zarówno w kardiologii, jak i w sporcie podczas badań wysiłkowych. W wielu sytuacjach nie udaje się wyznaczyć tętna maksymalnego podczas badania i konieczne staje się estymowanie HRmax na podstawie znajomości wyżej wymienionych czynników mających wpływ na jego wysokość. W niniejszej pracy przedstawione zostały również sposoby przeprowadzania badań wysiłkowych oraz wpływ farmakoterapii na uzyskane wyniki

Nano-Ru Supported on Ni Nanowires for Low-Temperature Carbon Dioxide Methanation

In this study, we investigated the catalytic performance of Ru nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Ni-nanowires for the first time. This appears to be a highly e cient catalyst for low-temperature methanation, e.g., ca. 100% conversion and 100% of CH4 selectivity can be achieved at ca. 179 C, while the turnover frequency (TOF) value was 2479.2 h1. At the same time, the onset of a reaction was observed at a temperature as low as 130 C. The comparison of nano-Pd and nano-Ru supported on Ni-nanowires enabled us to prove that oxidized surface metals are highly important for the high activity of the investigated nano-Ru@nanowired-Ni. Moreover, similar to the microscopic Sabatier rule, which indicates that some optimal reactivity level of a catalyst exists, we showed that Ni-nanowires (a higher specific surface area than a standard metal surface, e.g., in the form of a metal foam, but lower than nano-sized materials) significantly enhances the performance of the Ru-Ni catalytic system

Prenatal diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome – case report

Abstract Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a hereditary, autosomal recessive abnormality of cholesterol metabolism, leading to malformations of multiple organs. It is probably one of the most frequent metabolic disorders but variable clinical presentation makes the diagnosis of the syndrome difficult. The authors of the following work present a case report of prenatal diagnosis of SLOS in fetus with malformations of multiple organs and negative family history

Heme Oxygenase-1 Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing in Mice

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective, pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory enzyme, is strongly induced in injured tissues. Our aim was to clarify its role in cutaneous wound healing. In wild type mice, maximal expression of HO-1 in the skin was observed on the 2nd and 3rd days after wounding. Inhibition of HO-1 by tin protoporphyrin-IX resulted in retardation of wound closure. Healing was also delayed in HO-1 deficient mice, where lack of HO-1 could lead to complete suppression of reepithelialization and to formation of extensive skin lesions, accompanied by impaired neovascularization. Experiments performed in transgenic mice bearing HO-1 under control of keratin 14 promoter showed that increased level of HO-1 in keratinocytes is enough to improve the neovascularization and hasten the closure of wounds. Importantly, induction of HO-1 in wounded skin was relatively weak and delayed in diabetic (db/db) mice, in which also angiogenesis and wound closure were impaired. In such animals local delivery of HO-1 transgene using adenoviral vectors accelerated the wound healing and increased the vascularization. In summary, induction of HO-1 is necessary for efficient wound closure and neovascularization. Impaired wound healing in diabetic mice may be associated with delayed HO-1 upregulation and can be improved by HO-1 gene transfer

Kontrola dostępu w systemach operacyjnych

Article contains short characteristics of access control models that are usually used in operating systems. Included is also short presentation of access control implementation in Linux operating system as an example of practical usage of described methods.W artykule przedstawiono zwięzłą charakterystykę wybranych me­tod kontroli dostępu stosowanych w systemach operacyjnych. Krótko przedstawiono również implementację kontroli dostępu w systemie Linux jako przykład praktyczne­go zastosowania niektórych z opisywanych rozwiązań

Monitorowanie pracy przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków

This article desribes a system for monitoring operation of domestic wastewater treatment plant. The system consists of wireless subsystem of data transmission from the plant and the software for acquiring and presentation of data. The description of problems connected with usage of the plant was also included as well as further work that can extend existing solution.Artykuł zawiera opis systemu monitorowania pracy przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków. System składa się z układu bezprzewodowej transmisji danych z oczyszczalni oraz oprogramowania pracującego w systemie komputera stacjonarnego, prezentującego aktualny stan pracy oczyszczalni. Omówiono problematykę korzystania z przydomowej oczyszczalni oraz możliwe dalsze prace, dotyczące utworzonego rozwiązania

Dynamiczne dostosowywanie poziomów trudności komputerowego gracza w grach komputerowych

In computer games, dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) tries to ensure that the challenge level offered by the game matches the skill of the human player. In this paper simple and fast methods for adjusting a difficulty level of a computer opponent are presented. An empirical investigation of the methods when playing FPS (First Person Shooter) game is conducted. Performance of the methods is analyzed for different values of method's parameters, different game's scenes and players with various difficulty levels.Dynamiczne dostosowywanie poziomów w grach komputerowych polega na dopasowaniu trudności gry do umiejętności gracza. Bieżący artykuł przedstawia dwie metody, które pozwalają w prosty i szybki sposób dostroić komputerowego przeciwnika do poziomu gracza. Zachowanie metod jest analizowane w trakcie gry typu FPS dla różnych graczy, zróżnicowanych scen i różnych wartości parametrów metod

Human Neutrophil Alpha-Defensins Promote NETosis and Liver Injury in Alcohol-Related Liver Cirrhosis: Potential Therapeutic Agents

Background: Neutrophils are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, etc. Activated human neutrophils release human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-3) or alpha-defensins that are antimicrobial peptides in azurophil granules. Furthermore, HNP1-3 build a scaffold of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promote the process of programmed cell death called NETosis. Our study aimed to investigate the role of alpha-defensins in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis (ALC). Methods: The concentrations of alpha-defensins in the plasma of 62 patients with ALC and 24 healthy subjects were measured by ELISA. The patients with ALC were prospectively recruited based on the severity of liver dysfunction according to the Child-Pugh and Model of End-Stage Liver Disease-Natrium (MELD-Na) scores, modified Maddrey’s Discriminant Function (mDF), and the presence of ALC complications. Results: The concentrations of alpha-defensins in plasma were significantly higher in the ALC patients than in the controls. The plasma levels of HNP1-3 correlated with the MELD and mDF scores. ALC subgroups with MELD > 20 and mDF > 32 displayed significantly higher HNP1-3 concentrations. The plasma levels of HNP1-3 revealed a good predictive AUC for hepatic encephalopathy and ascites development (0.81 and 0.74, respectively) and for patient survival (0.87) in those over 40 years of age. Conclusion: These findings suggest that alpha-defensins play an important role in the assessment of ALC