Types of hope and action styles of adolescents

The problem discussed in this article concerns the relationship between hope and action styles in adolescents. An action style is a way in which man perceives and responds to the outside world, and it may be aimed at securing oneself or interacting with the surroundings. The main aim of this analysis was to find out if, and to what degree, the level of hope is connected with action styles. The following hypotheses are proposed: H – 1. There is a relationship between hope and an action style. H- 2. Persons with different types of hope are characterised by different styles of action. H – 3. Persons with a high level of hope have a cooperation­‑oriented style. H – 4. Persons with a low level of hope are often characterised by a style aimed at protecting themselves. 149 persons aged 17 – 18 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Basic Hope Inventory (BHI-12) – compiled by Trzebiński and M. Zięba, the Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS) – adaptation of C. R. Snyder’s questionnaire made by M. Łaguna, J. Trzebiński and M. Zięba, as well as the Action Styles Questionnaire by Z. Uchnast. The results obtained have allowed the researchers to form the opinion that hope helps individuals function better in the world. The way in which a person perceives the world and their own capabilities translates into the style of action which they choose. A person who is full of hope seeks self­‑actualisation as well as cooperation with others

Motivation for assistance activities among hospice, missionary and sport volunteers

The aim of the study is to analyze motivation for undertaking activities to help others by people involved in various forms of volunteer work. We analyzed two sources of motivation: moral endo‒exocentrism and the value system among three groups: hospice, missionary and sports volunteers. The study involved 173 people between 16 to 77 years of age, 59 giving service in a hospice, 63 in missionary activities and 51 as sports volunteers. We applied the Moral Endo-Exocentrism Questionnaire (MEEQ) by Karyłowski, Górski and Wasiak and the Portraits Questionnaire (PVQ) by Schwartz. The study showed higher levels of exocentric than endocentric motivation among the three groups of volunteers. However, the intergroup value preference comparison revealed 7 values which significantly differentiated hospice, missionary and sports volunteers: Tradition, Hedonism, Success, Power, Self-Directing, Stimulation and Universalism.The aim of the study is to analyze motivation for undertaking activities to help others by people involved in various forms of volunteer work. We analyzed two sources of motivation: moral endo‒exocentrism and the value system among three groups: hospice, missionary and sports volunteers. The study involved 173 people between 16 to 77 years of age, 59 giving service in a hospice, 63 in missionary activities and 51 as sports volunteers. We applied the Moral Endo-Exocentrism Questionnaire (MEEQ) by Karyłowski, Górski and Wasiak and the Portraits Questionnaire (PVQ) by Schwartz. The study showed higher levels of exocentric than endocentric motivation among the three groups of volunteers. However, the intergroup value preference comparison revealed 7 values which significantly differentiated hospice, missionary and sports volunteers: Tradition, Hedonism, Success, Power, Self-Directing, Stimulation and Universalism

Religijność a postawa wobec kary śmierci

The main purpose of the analysis presented in this paper is to search for connections between religiosity and the attitude to death penalty. The paper focuses on the question: is there any connection between one’s religiosity and his (her) attitude to death penalty. The general assumption was that there is some connection between these variables. To verify the hypotheses that had been assumed, 100 respondents (55 women and 45 men) were tested by the following methods: The Scale of Relationship to God by D. Hutsebaut, the Religious Attitudes Scale by W. Prężyna, The Scale of Personal Religiousness by R. Jaworski and Scale of Attitudes to Death Penalty by Śliwak, Korczyński. The fi ndings confi rmed the main assumption that there is a connection between variables. Others hypotheses were partially confi rmed. Some diff erences were observed between the group of men and the group of women.Celem prezentowanych w tym artykule analiz było poszukiwanie powiązań pomiędzy religijnością a postawą wobec kary śmierci. Problem badawczy można oddać w pytaniu: Czy istnieje zależność pomiędzy religijnością a postawą wobec kary śmierci? W artykule sformułowano pięć hipotez i w celu ich weryfi kacji zastosowano następujące narzędzia badawcze: Skalę Intensywności Postawy Religijnej – W. Prężyny, Skalę Relacji do Boga – D. Hutsebauta, Skalę Religijności Personalnej – R. Jaworskiego oraz Kwestionariusz Postaw wobec Kary Śmierci – w opracowaniu autorów artykułu. Ogółem przebadano 100 osób, wśród nich było 55 kobiet oraz 45 mężczyzn. Średni wiek wyniósł 31,59 (SD = 9,01). Analiza wyników niniejszej pracy pozwala dosyć jednoznacznie stwierdzić, że istnieją powiązania między analizowanymi zmiennymi, tzn. postawą wobec kary śmierci a religijnością. Pozostałe hipotezy potwierdziły się tylko częściowo. W wielu przypadkach obraz powiązań w podgrupie kobiet był różny niż w podgrupie mężczyzn

Poziom samooceny u osób korzystających z różnych form internetu

The aim of this study is to examine the dependence between self-esteem of Internet users and their use of the Internet. The issue was taken due to its timeliness. The Internet and its resources attract the attention of the majority of people from different age groups. The study group consisted of 120 people, of which 98 have an account on social networks. The research involved the Multidimensional MSEI Self-Assessment Questionnaire (used for self-assessment) and a questionnaire for the use of various forms of the Internet, constructed for the needs of the work. The analysis of the results showed no statistically significant relationship between the general level of self-esteem and the frequency of Internet use. Relationships were, however, noticed between some dimensions of self-esteem and the time of using the network. There were also found statistically significant correlations between the assessment of own admiration abilities and activity on social networks.Poziom samooceny u osób korzystających z różnych form internetu. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zbadanie zależności między samooceną internautów a korzystaniem przez nich z internetu. Zagadnienie podjęto ze względu na jego aktualność. Internet i jego zasoby przyciągają uwagę większości ludzi z różnych grup wiekowych. Grupę badaną stanowiło 120 osób, spośród których 98 ma konto na portalach społecznościowych. W badaniach posłużono się Wielowymiarowym Kwestionariuszem Samooceny MSEI (służącym do badania samooceny) oraz skonstruowanym na potrzeby pracy kwestionariuszem dotyczącym korzystania z różnych form internetu. Analiza wyników nie wykazała istotnych statystycznie zależności między ogólnym poziomem samooceny a częstotliwością korzystania z internetu. Związki zauważono jednak między niektórymi wymiarami samooceny a czasem korzystania z sieci. Odkryto też korelacje istotne statystycznie między oceną własnych zdolności przywódczych a aktywnością na portalach społecznościowych

The Interplay Between Post-Critical Beliefs and Anxiety: An Exploratory Study in a Polish Sample

The present research investigates the relationship between anxiety and the religiosity dimensions that Wulff (Psychology of religion: classic and contemporary views, Wiley, New York, 1991; Psychology of religion. Classic and contemporary views, Wiley, New York, 1997; Psychologia religii. Klasyczna i współczesna, Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1999) described as Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. The researchers used the Post-Critical Belief scale (Hutsebaut in J Empir Theol 9(2):48–66, 1996; J Empir Theol 10(1):39–54, 1997) to measure Wulff’s religiosity dimensions and the IPAT scale (Krug et al. 1967) to measure anxiety. Results from an adult sample (N = 83) suggest that three dimensions show significant relations with anxiety. Orthodoxy correlated negatively with suspiciousness (L) and positively with guilt proneness (O) factor—in the whole sample. Among women, Historical Relativism negatively correlated with suspiciousness (L), lack of integration (Q3), general anxiety and covert anxiety. Among men, Historical Relativism positively correlated with tension (Q4) and emotional instability (C), general anxiety, covert anxiety and overt anxiety. External Critique was correlated with suspiciousness (L) by men

Social Adjustment of Persons with a Different Level of Altruism

The paper is a report on the empirical research dealing with the relationship between the level of altruism and social adjustment. Altruism is defined here as a voluntary behaviour in which a person does not expect any external awards and yet acts on behalf of other people. Such behaviour constitutes a value in itself for that person. The following methods were used in the research: A-N Questionnaire to measure the tensity of altruism ⟨cf. Śliwak 1996a, 1996b⟩ and the California Personality Inventory (CPI) to assess the level of social adjustment. By means of the above methods we sought to answer the following questions:1. Are there statistically essential differences in the dimensions (scales) of social adjustment between altruists and the group with a lower level of altruism? 2. Is there a specific social adjustment profile in any of the groups in question?160 subjects were examined (48.0% of women and 52.0% of men) the age-range was 22-36 (mean M − 27 years). 66.2% of secondary school graduates and 33.8% of university graduates were examined.The following results have been attained:1. The 10 scales of social adjustment yielded statistically essential differences between particular groups. They are the following: social ease, good mood, socialization, self-control, tolerance, a willingness to be accepted, success before conformism, success through independence and intellectual capacities.2. In the altruistic group the scores of 12 scales are placed below the mean (5.5 sten), yet 6 scales are below the mean. The group with the lowest level of altruism in 7 scales gained scores higher than the mean, and in 11 scales lower scores.3. The persons with a lower level of altruism proved worse adjusted in relation to the altruistic persons.The scores have proved that there is a relationship between the level of altruism and social adjustment

Defence of one`s own rights or transgressing of one`s own self - polemicaly about assertiveness

The problem discussed in the article concerns nonassertive behaviour and its psychological consequences. In the next part of the paper the author presents many definitions of assertive behaviour, showing how the concept is understood by different psychologists. According to some authors, assertiveness is behaviour which is used in defence of individual’s right. Other psychologists emphasize in definition expressing feelings, attitudes, wishes and opinions in direct, decisive and honest way. There are also authors who define assertive behaviour as a right expression of any feelings, different from anxiety or a direct way of expressing thoughts, feelings and wishes in socially approved way. In the last part of the article there is a critical assessment of presented conceptions

Altruism and Man᾽s Religiousness − Empirical Studies

The article is a report on empirical studies concerning the connection between altruism and religiousness. Altruism is understood here as undertaking actions for the benefit of other people without expecting outer rewards ⟨Macaulay, Berkowitz, 1970 p. 3). In the presented studies Karyłowski’s ⟨1982a⟩ division into two types of altruism was employed, namely, into endocentric altruism exocentric one. In the studies the following methods were used: the A-N Questionnaire ⟨cf. Śliwak 1988), the Moral Endo-Exocentrism − KEEM ⟨cf. Karyłowski 1982a⟩, the Religious Attitudes Scale ⟨cf. Prężyna 1968⟩ and the Relation to God Scale ⟨cf. Hutsebaut 1980⟩. The two former methods were used to measure the intensity of altruism (A-N) and to define the type of altruism (KEEM), whereas the two latter ones served to measure the level of intensity of the religious attitude and different dimensions of religiousness. With the help of these methods answers were sought to the following questions: 1. What level intensity of the religious attitude is connected with the defined types of altruism? 2. What dimensions of religiousness are characteristic of these types of altruism?226 subjects were examined (53.1% women and 46.9% men) whose age ranged from 23 to 33, the average being M=26.7. The subjects had at least secondary education. The results of the analyses that were carried out are the following:1. It was found that endo- and exocentric altruists are characterized by identical scores in religiousness. The religiousness profiles of these groups are exactly parallel to each other (with a minimal distance between them).2. In relation to the group with a lower level of altruism endo- and exocentrics are more religious (both in the quantitative aspect − intensity of the religious attitude, and in the qualitative one- the type of the religious relation).3. Additional information is supplied by the results from the sub-groups of women and men. Endocentric women obtained the highest scores in the scales ”dependence” and ”ethical norm” with a statistically significant difference from the remaining subjects. Exocentric men obtained the lowest scores in the scales ”rebeliousness” nad ”autonomy” (the differences are statistically significant in relation to the remaining groups)

Altruism vs. the Preference of Values Empirical Research

The paper is a report on the empirical research dealing with the relationship between altruism and the preference of values. Altruism is taken to mean here an action for the sake of other people without expecting any external reward (Macaulay, Berkowitz). In the research presented here Karyłowski's typology has been used. Karyłowski distinguished two kinds of altruism: endocentric and exocentric. Two methods have been used in the research: A-N questionnaire to measure the tension of altruism (Śliwak), Moral Endo-exocentric questionnaire KEEM which diagnoses the typologization of altruism (Karyłowski) and Rokeach Questionnaire to examine the hierarchy of values. By means of these methods we sought to answer the following question: are there differences in the preferences of values between endo-exocentric altruists and the person of lower level of altruism? Are there differences in the preferences of values between endocentric and exocentric altruists? Is there a set of values which would be specific for any of the groups in question? 226 persons have been examined (53,1% women and 46,9% men) at the age of 23-33, the average is M=26,7. The persons under study were at least secondary school graduates. The findings of the analyses are as follows:1. The greatest differences in the preferences of values occur between endocentric altruists and the group of low level of altruism as well as between exocentric altruists and the group of low level of altruism. One notices certain convergence of results in the preferences of values of the endo- and exocentric groups. The values with the highest preference in both groups are the following: "salvation", "peace in the world", "national security", "loyalty" and "helpfulness". These groups put low value on "pleasure in life".2. The endocentric altruists differ from the exocentric altruists as to their preference of the value "social recognition". This value is valued higher by endocentrics. The endocentric group stands out in relation to the remaining groups. It has a higher preference for the instrumental values like "obedience" and "loyalty".3. The exocentric altruists are characterized by a more mature and responsible attitude to life, mature love and an ability to forgive others. We are entitled to such conclusions by the fact that they ranked most the following values: "wisdom", "mature love", "responsibility" and "forbearance"