Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Payout Policy in Cement Industry of Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of ownership structure on dividend payout policy in Pakistan. In this study, ownership structure was used as an independent variable which is measured by Managerial ownership structure, institutional ownership structure and individual ownership structure and dividend payout policy was used as a dependent variable which is measured by dividend payout ratio. A sample of 15 companies listed in Pakistan stock exchange from 2013-2017 were selected from the cement industry in Pakistan. For the purpose of analysis descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression are used. The results reveal that institutional ownership and individual ownership have significant impact on dividend payout policy. Firm size and managerial ownership structure have insignificant impact on dividend payout

Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Payout Policy in Cement Industry of Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of ownership structure on dividend payout policy in Pakistan. In this study, ownership structure was used as an independent variable which is measured by Managerial ownership structure, institutional ownership structure and individual ownership structure and dividend payout policy was used as a dependent variable which is measured by dividend payout ratio. A sample of 15 companies listed in Pakistan stock exchange from 2013-2017 were selected from the cement industry in Pakistan. For the purpose of analysis descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression are used. The results reveal that institutional ownership and individual ownership have significant impact on dividend payout policy. Firm size and managerial ownership structure have insignificant impact on dividend payout

A Study on Need Achievement of High and Low Achievers

The study was undertaken to study the Need achievement of High and Low achievers of 9th grade students. The sample for the study was (300 high achievers and 300 hundred low achievers) selected randomly from two educational zones (Budgam and Soibugh) of district Budgam (J&K). For the measurement of Need achievement Mukherjee’s Incomplete Sentence Blank Urdu adaptation (Khan, 1992) was used. The results of the study highlight that the High achievers have high need achievement, possess ‘hope of success’, have ‘high ego-ideal’, possess ‘perseverance’, have ‘realistic attitude’ are in favour of ‘internal control of fate’, while as low achievers have low need achievement, have fear of failure, possess low ego-ideal, are not perseverant, have unrealistic attitude and possess a feeling of external control of fate. The study has also revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between need achievement and Academic achievement of high and low achiever groups. Keywords: Need Achievement, High Achievers, Low Achievers

Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan

Informal interviews provided data about 245 useful plants of 77 families of 55 trees, 54 shrubs, 105 herbs, 15 climber, 10 grasses and 6 crops recorded from the Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad.Two hundred and fifteen local/ vernacular names were noted of total plants. The inhabitants of the park have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, health care, fodder,fuel wood and other cultural purposes. A list of plant species along with their local name, plant part/s used, popular uses (or troubles treated) are given. The pastoral nomads of the area make use of 159(64.89%) as native medicine, 79 (32.24%) as fodder for their livestock, 47(19.18%) as fuelwood, 33 (13.46%) as food (fruits), 18 (7.34%) as vegetables, 14 (5.71%) as timber, 6 (2.44%) as industrial, 4 (1.63%) as tannin, 3 (1.22%) as gum and 2 (0.81%) as fiber. Medicinal uses of the 126 plant species have also been described. This information will serve as reference for the benefit of pharmacists, researchers, Hakims (herbalist), veterinarians and public at large

Effects of letrozole alone or letrozole in combination with low-dose intramuscular injection of human menopausal gonadotropin on ovulation and pregnancy of 150 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: Objective of the study was to explore the effects of letrozole (LE) in combination with low-dose intramuscular injection of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) on the ovulation induction and pregnancy of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: The study comprised of 150 couples who were randomly divided into two groups of 75 each. Group “A” received letrozole (LE) in a dose of 2.5 mg to 5mg /d. LE was started orally starting on 3rd to 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 consecutive days. Group “B” received letrozole in a dose of 2.5 to 5 mg/day starting on the 3rd to 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 consecutive days. Starting from the day of oral administration of letrozole, 75 IU HMG was injected intramuscularly on alternate days for 5 consecutive doses. The ovulation induction parameters and pregnancy outcomes were observed.Results: The Group A (LE group) had the most completed cycle (310 cycles), 157 (52.3%) of which had ovulation. The Group B (LE+HMG) group completed the fewest cycles (258 cycles), with 168 (65.1%) of them ovulating. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). On HCG injection day, both the endometrial thickness (11.5±1.2) and number of mature follicles (2.1±1.3) of the Group B were significantly higher than those of Group A (P<0.001), but the follicle diameters were similar (P>0.05) The pregnancy rate of the Group B was 54.7%, which was significantly higher than that of the Group A (29.3 %) (P<0.05) The average medication cycle of the Group B group was significantly shorter than that of the Group A (P<0.05).Conclusions: The regimen using LE in combination with low-dose intramuscular injection of HMG has satisfactory therapeutic effects on ovulation induction, short medication cycle and high clinical pregnancy rate, which is promising for treating patients with PCOS infertility

Comparative analysis of leaf spot disease in Rice Belt of Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Brown leaf spot (BLS) caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, is a chronic disease of rice that infects millions of hectares worldwide each year. In this study, a total of 18 rice growing districts of Punjab, Pakistan were surveyed during cropping season in 2014-17 for the incidence of BLS disease. Methods: The survey method was used to gather the data of BLS incidence during 2014-2017 in 18 districts of rice growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Meteorological data was collected from the weather stations of each surveyed district and co-related with BLS incidence. Results: The findings of the study revealed that quantitative relationship exists between meteorological variables and BLS incidence. The incidence of disease in the field was at peak during the month of October. The disease incidence varied from 1.12% to 14.37% over a period of study i.e. from 2014-2017. However, the role of relative humidity (RH) was highly positively correlated with the incidence of disease. Relative humidity showed a positive correlation with the incidence of disease as indicated by the year in which it was towards the high values. The highest disease incidence was observed in district Sargodha whereas the minimum in district Okara. The highest incidence of BLS disease was found in variety Basmati Super (51.43%) and the minimum in Basmati 386 (6.57%). Conclusion: Our study revealed that the fluctuations in temperature did not depict an appreciable impact on the incidence of BLS as indicated by the statistical coefficient, whereas RH strongly influenced the incidence of BLS incidence.