PRIMJENA GIS-A U GOSPODARENJU OTPADNIM VODAMA

This paper briefly describes the application of GIS in waste waters. It describes the major characteristics of GIS, as well as wastewater collection system and the reasons for the application of GIS in the analysis, modelling and display characteristics of drainage systems. There are described two programs based on GIS technology to analyse and monitor wastewater collection system. Also shown is the principle of selecting the location of device for purifying waste water, which is the ultimate element of the drainage system, using a GIS. In this way, it facilitated the process of selecting locations taking into account the various regulations, standards, as well as characteristics of the terrain and vegetation. GIS is used to monitor water quality even after treatment, which creates good conditions for its re-use. This was exemplified by the use of such treated water in irrigation and selection of suitable locations.U radu je ukratko opisana primjena GIS-a u gospodarenju otpadnim vodama. Navedene su glavne karakteristike GIS-a, kao i sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda te razlozi primjene GIS-a pri analizi, modeliranju i prikazu karakteristika sustava odvodnje. Detaljnije su opisana dva programa bazirana na GIS tehnologiji za analizu i monitoring sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda. Prikazan je i princip odabira lokacije uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode, koji je krajnji element sustava odvodnje, pomoću GIS-a. Na taj je način olakšan sam postupak odabira lokacije uzimajući u obzir različite propise, standarde, kao i karakteristike okolnog terena i vegetacije. GIS omogućuje i praćenje kvalitete vode i nakon pročišćavanja čime se stvaraju dobri uvjeti za njeno ponovno korištenje. Naveden je primjer korištenja takve tretirane vode u navodnjavanju i odabiru prikladnih lokacija

Application of GIS in the wastewater management

U radu je ukratko opisana primjena GIS-a u gospodarenju otpadnim vodama. Navedene su glavne karakteristike GIS-a, kao i sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda te razlozi primjene GIS-a pri analizi, modeliranju i prikazu karakteristika sustava odvodnje. Detaljnije su opisana dva programa bazirana na GIS tehnologiji za analizu i monitoring sustava odvodnje otpadnih voda. Prikazan je i princip odabira lokacije uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode, koji je krajnji element sustava odvodnje, pomoću GIS-a. Na taj je način olakšan sam postupak odabira lokacije uzimajući u obzir različite propise, standarde, kao i karakteristike okolnog terena i vegetacije. GIS omogućuje i praćenje kvalitete vode i nakon pročišćavanja čime se stvaraju dobri uvjeti za njeno ponovno korištenje. Naveden je primjer korištenja takve tretirane vode u navodnjavanju i odabiru prikladnih lokacija.This paper briefly describes the application of GIS in waste waters. It describes the major characteristics of GIS, as well as wastewater collection system and the reasons for the application of GIS in the analysis, modelling and display characteristics of drainage systems. There are described two programs based on GIS technology to analyse and monitor wastewater collection system. Also shown is the principle of selecting the location of device for purifying waste water, which is the ultimate element of the drainage system, using a GIS. In this way, it facilitated the process of selecting locations taking into account the various regulations, standards, as well as characteristics of the terrain and vegetation. GIS is used to monitor water quality even after treatment, which creates good conditions for its re-use. This was exemplified by the use of such treated water in irrigation and selection of suitable locations

Yield and Properties of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Breeds Important for Processing

Važno je ispitati odnos kultivara rajčice prema klimatskim uvjetima područja. U mikropokusu s rajčicom na području Poreča istraženo je osam kultivara (Chef, Campbell 33, Rio Grande, Zenit F1, Diddy F1, Proffesional F1, Lerica F1, Brixy F1). Rajčica je uzgojena iz prijesadnica i presađena na polietilensku foliju. Evidentirani su važniji datumi. Utvrđen je prinos te masa i ujednačenost plodova po veličini, obliku i boji. Određen je i % suhe tvari te pH. Obrada tla i gnojidba obavljena je prema uvjetima pokušališta. Masa plodova nije se značajno razlikovala. Postoje značajne razlike između frakcija. Značajno krupniji kultivari (P=1%) bili su Proffesional F1 i Campbell 33. Najveća masa bila je kod crvenih i ružičastocrvenih plodova. Prinos rajčice značajno se razlikovao (P=5%) između kultivara. Najveći prinos imao je Rio Grande (42,37 t/ha) i to značajno više u odnosu na Diddy F1. Ostali kultivari bili su relativno ujednačeni.It is important to investigate correlation between tomato cultivar and the area climatic conditions. Eight cultivars (Chef, Campbell 33, Rio Grande, Zenit F1, Diddy F1, Professional F1, Lerica F1, Brixy F1) were comprised by the the micro tomato experiment in the Poreč region. The tomato was grown from seedlings and transplanted into a polyethyl plastic sheet. Important dates were recorded. Fruits mass and their uniforming, shape and colouration were determined. Percentage of dry matter as well as pH were also determined. Fruits classification was carried out. Soil tillage and fertilization were performed according to experimental site conditions. Fruits mass did not considerably differ. There are significant differences among fractions. Professional F1 and Campbell 33 were considerably robust cultivars (P =1%). The highest yield was obtained with Rio Grande (42.37 t/ha), significantly higher compared to Diddy F1. Other cultivars were relatively uniform

NUMERIČKO MODELIRANJE SLOBODNO KONZOLNOG MOSTA U PROGRAMSKOM PAKETU SOFISTIK

Cilj rada je da se kroz izradu modela za proračun rasponske konstrukcije prođu sve faze potrebne za modeliranje mosta koji se gradi slobodno konzolnom metodom. Prikazat će se potrebni pripremni radovi da bi se pristupilo modeliranju kao i konkretni koraci modeliranja i proračuna u programskom paketu SOFiSTiK. Na kraju će se dati osvrt na druge modele potrebne za završetak statičkog proračuna i uvezivanje gotove dokumentacije

Prostorna predikcija udjela teških metala u tlima kontinentalne Hrvatske usporedbom metoda strojnog učenja i prostorne interpolacije

Soil contamination caused by heavy metals presents a potential long-term issue to human health and biodiversity due to the bioaccumulation effect. Previous research at the micro level in Croatia detected soil contamination caused by heavy metals above maximum permitted values, which also implied the necessity of their current spatial representation at the macro level in Croatia. The aim of this study was to provide a spatial prediction of six heavy metals considered as contaminants of soils in continental Croatia using two approaches: a conventional approach based on interpolation and a machine learning approach. The prediction was performed on the most recent available data on cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in soils, from the Ministry of environment and energy. The conventional prediction approach consisted of the interpolation using the ordinary kriging (OK) in case of input data normality and stationarity, alongside the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. For the machine learning approach, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used. IDW outperformed RF and SVM prediction results for all soil heavy metals contents, primarily due to sparse soil sampling. Soil Cr contents were predicted above the maximum allowed limit, while elevated soil contamination levels in some parts of the study area were detected for Ni and Zn. The highest soil contamination levels were observed in the urban areas of generalized land cover classes, indicating a necessity for its monitoring and the adjustment of land-use management plans.Onečišćenje tla uzrokovano teškim metalima uzrokuje potencijalno dugoročnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi i biološku raznolikost zbog učinka bioakumulacije. Prethodna istraživanja na mikro razini u Hrvatskoj otkrila su onečišćenje tla teškim metalima iznad maksimalno dopuštenih vrijednosti, što je ujedno impliciralo potrebu poznavanja njihove trenutne prostorne zastupljenosti na makro razini u Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provesti prostorno predviđanje šest teških metala u tlu koji se smatraju onečišćujućima u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj koristeći dva pristupa: konvencionalni pristup zasnovan na interpolaciji i pristup strojnog učenja. Predviđanje je provedeno na najnovijim dostupnim uzorcima tla kadmija (Cd), kroma (Cr), bakra (Cu), nikla (Ni), olova (Pb) i cinka (Zn), prikupljenim od strane Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i energetike. Konvencionalni pristup predviđanja sastojao se od interpolacije korištenjem uobičajenog kriginga (OK) u slučaju normalnosti i stacionarnosti ulaznih podataka, zajedno s metodom inverzne udaljenosti (IDW). Za pristup strojnog učenja korištene su metoda slučajnih šuma (RF) i metoda vektora podrške (SVM). IDW je nadmašio rezultate predviđanja RF i SVM za sve sadržaje teških metala u tlu, prvenstveno zbog nedovoljno gustog uzorkovanja tla. Sadržaj Cr u tlu predviđen je iznad najveće dopuštene granice, dok su za Ni i Zn utvrđene opasne razine onečišćenja tla na dijelovima istraživanog područja. Najveće razine onečišćenja tla zabilježene su u urbanim područjima generaliziranih klasa zemljišnog pokrova, što ukazuje na potrebu za njegovim praćenjem i prilagođavanjem planova upravljanja korištenjem zemljišta

A Comparison of Precise Fertilization Prescription Rates to a Conventional Approach Based on the Open Source GIS Software

Fertilization is one of the most important components of precision agriculture, ensuring high and stable crop yields. The process of spatial interpolation of soil sample data is recognized as a reliable method of determining the prescription rates for precise fertilization. However, the application of a free open-source geographic information system (GIS) software was often overlooked in the process. In this study, a method of precise fertilization prescription map creation was developed using an open-source GIS software to enable a wider and cheaper availability of its application. The study area covered three independent locations in Osijek-Baranja County. A method was developed for the fertilization of sugar beet with phosphorous pentoxide, but its application is universal with regard to the crop type. An ordinary kriging was determined as an optimal interpolation method for spatial interpolation, with the mean RMSE of 1.8754 and R2of 0.6955. By comparing the precision fertilization prescription rates to a conventional approach, the differences of 4.1 kg ha-1 for Location 1, 15.8 kg ha-1 for Location 2, and 11.2 kg ha-1 for Location 3 were observed. These values indicate a general deficit in soil phosphorous pentoxide, and precise fertilization could ensure its optimal content in the future sowing seasons

REMEDIJACIJA POLJOPRIVREDNOGA ZEMLJIŠTA ONEČIŠĆENOG TEŠKIM METALIMA

The presence of heavy metals in an agricultural land is the primary cause of food product toxicity of a herbal and animal origin associated with a contaminated agricultural land. The anthropogenic sources of pollution, especially the fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, are the primary sources of agricultural land contamination with heavy metals. The heavy metals whose monitoring is prescribed by the current legislation of the Republic of Croatia include cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The aim of this paper is to provide a review of heavy metals that cause contamination of an agricultural land, as well as a review of remediation technologies applied to reduce contamination. Furthermore, the paper considers three groups of remediation technologies, i.e., the biological, chemical, and physical ones, analyzing the applicability, efficiency, cost-effectiveness and accessibility in Croatia to encourage their wider implementation. The biological remediation technologies, also known as phytoremediation, met the set criteria the most, which currently renders them most applicable to the mildly‐ and moderately‐contaminated agricultural land. The chemical and physical remediation technologies are generally more suitable for the remediation of a severely contaminated agricultural land, applied individually or in combination with the phytoremediation methods due to the high cost.Prisutnost teških metala na poljoprivrednome zemljištu primarni je uzrok toksičnosti prehrambenih proizvoda biljnoga i životinjskog podrijetla povezanih s onečišćenim poljoprivrednim zemljištem. Antropogeni izvori onečišćenja, posebno primjena umjetnih gnojiva i pesticida u ratarstvu, primarni su izvor onečišćenja poljoprivrednoga zemljišta teškim metalima. Teški metali čije je praćenje (monitoring) propisano važećom zakonskom regulativom Republike Hrvatske uključuju kadmij (Cd), krom (Cr), bakar (Cu), živu (Hg), nikal (Ni), olovo (Pb) i cink (Zn). Cilj rada bio je dati pregled teških metala koji uzrokuju onečišćenje poljoprivrednoga zemljišta, kao i remedijacijskih tehnologija koje se primjenjuju za smanjenje onečišćenja. U radu su razmatrane tri skupine remedijacijskih tehnologija, biološke, kemijske i fizikalne, i to sa stajališta primjenjivosti, učinkovitosti i ekonomičnosti te sa stajališta društvene prihvatljivosti i dostupnosti u Hrvatskoj, kako bi se potaknula njihova šira implementacija. Biološke remedijacijske tehnologije, poglavito fitoremedijacija, najbolje su zadovoljile postavljene kriterije, što ih trenutačno čini najprimjenjivijima za nisko i umjereno onečišćena poljoprivredna zemljišta. Kemijske i fizikalne remedijacijske tehnologije općenito su pogodnije za remedijaciju teže onečišćenoga poljoprivrednog zemljišta, primijenjene samostalno ili u kombinaciji s metodama fitoremedijacije zbog visokih troškova

Značajke nagiba i ravninske zakrivljenosti šireg područja Duvanjskog polja

In this paper, quantitative geomorphological features (slope inclinations, profile and planar curvature) of mountain rims of Duvanjsko polje were analyzed. Recent shape of this area is a consequence of series of natural and social impacts during relief genesis and evolution. The aims of this research are analysis of quantitative features of hillslope inclinations and curvatures of morphological units in wider Duvanjsko polje area, interpretation of results and synthesis, so more detailed insight in hillslope features and processes can be achieved and evaluation of nature of dominant geomorphological processes can be obtained. During this task, special attention was given to a detailed geomorphometric analysis in GIS environment based on a digital relief model. The analysis was conducted in several phases: 1. comparative analysis of hillslope characteristics based on morphological units, 2. comparative analysis of hillslope curvatures and 3. analysis of relationship between slope inclinations and curvature features. Synthesis included interpretation of obtained results in wider context of relationship between morphometric features and structural/lithological features of morphological units.U ovom su radu analizirane, kvantitativne geomorfološke značajke (nagibi padina, profil i ravninska zakrivljenost) planinskoga rubnog područja Duvanjskog polja. Na oblikovanje ovoga područja utjecalo je niz prirodnih i društvenih utjecaja tijekom geneze i evolucije reljefa. Cilj je ovog istraživanja analiza kvantitativnih obilježja nagiba padina i zakrivljenosti morfoloških obilježja šireg područja Duvanjskog polja, tumačenje rezultata i sinteze. Moguć je detaljniji uvid u značajke nagiba i odvijenih procesa, a moguće je postići i vrednovanje prirodno dominantnih geomorfoloških procesa. Tijekom istraživanja posebna je pažnja posvećena detaljnoj geomorfometrijskoj analizi u GIS okruženju, na temelju digitalnog modela reljefa. Analiza je provedena u nekoliko faza: 1. komparativna analiza karakteristika nagiba temeljena na morfološkim obilježjima, 2. komparativna analiza zakrivljenosti nagiba i 3. analiza odnosa između nagiba i značajki zakrivljenosti. Sinteza uključuje interpretaciju dobivenih rezultata u širem kontekstu odnosa između morfometrijskih značajki i strukturno/litoloških značajki morfoloških jedinica

THE MODEL OF CREATING NOISE MAPS IN THE OPERATION OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS FOR SHREDDING PLANT MASS BY THE POINT KRIGING METHOD

U radu su prikazane neke od mogućnosti primjene geostatističkih modela u području analize buke na radnom mjestu. Istraživanje je obavljeno u okruženju tehničkog sustava, sitnilice biljne mase „Willibald 2800“ i kombiniranog radnog stroja (traktorski utovarivač s dubinskom žlicom) proizvođača „JCB“ tipa „4CX“ koji je punio sitnilicu biljnom masom. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom uobičajene eksploatacije strojeva. Mjerenje emitirane razine buke obavljeno je uređajem za mjerenje buke proizvođača „METREL“ tipa „Multinorm MI 6201 EU“ s pripadajućom zvučnom sondom (mikrofonom klase B) istog proizvođača. Krajnji je rezultat istraživanja model generiranja dvodimenzionalne i trodimenzionalne karte buke „Point Krigging“ metodom koja na svima razumljiv način prikazuje rezultate mjerenja buke i omogućava stručnjacima lakše donošenje odluka glede sigurnog rada. Karte buke su neophodne za adekvatno praćenje i monitoring štetnih utjecaja na čovjeka u radnom okruženju.The paper describes some of the possible applications of geostatistical models in the analysis of noise in the workplace. This study was conducted in an environment of technical system, the shredder of plant mass "Willibald 2800" and the combined processing machine (tractor loader shovel) manufactured by "JCB", type "4CX" which was filling the shredder with plant mass. The survey was conducted during the normal operation of machines. Measuring emitted noise levels was carried out with the device for measuring noise produced by "METREL" type "Multinorm MI 6201 EU" with a corresponding sound transducer (microphone Class B) of the same manufacturer. The final result of the research is a model of generating two-dimensional and three dimensional maps of noise "Point Krigging" method which in an easily understood manner presents the results of noise measuring and allows experts to help you make decisions regarding safe operation. Noise maps are essential for adequate observations and monitoring of harmful effects on humans in the working environment

Metodologija razvoja karata namjene zemljišta u GIS okruženju – upravljanje resursima

The purpose of this research was to determine the methodology of land capability evaluation with regard to an array of objective limiting factors when growing, for example, perennial crops. The methodology of relief parameterization was used in the method for calculating geomorphological parameters, and pedometric mapping methods were used to calculate pedological variables. Inventory of the actual condition of land cover was made based on sketches and maps that were gathered during field research. These sketches were then geo-referenced and overlapped with LANDSAT satellite images to determine the actual situation. The best locations for a particular type of perennial plantation were selected by using logic and spatial queries. Best locations (in this example for vineyards) were identified as an area overlap (areas with, according to the spatial plan, either valuable, especially valuable or other arable soils, southern relief exposition with the total annual incident light >1,208 KWh/m2, and the location where the relief slope is not higher than 12% and lower than 2%, or where elevation exceeds 110 m and soil acidity does not exceed 5.6 pH). The query resulted in a simple map. The map shows areas which are either suitable for viticulture (1) or not suitable for viticulture (0). Similar approach could be used also for thematic maps of different purposes, for example, urbanization maps, or mapping valuable sources of water, gas, thermal wells and other resources of special importance for the country. According to the results obtained in our example of finding the methodology for development of thematic maps in GIS environment, the total of 17,782 ha in the County area is suitable for viticulture. The best way of developing spatial plans for particular crops would be to develop maps of negative scores for all crops, and then to standardize these values to find the best possible crop for each location. Thematic GIS layers can be used as the foundation for loans, advice on what crop to choose, making decisions on land re-allocation and land use, reconstruction i.e. modified land use.Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je utvrditi metodologiju bonitiranja poljoprivrednog zemljišta s obzirom na niz objektivnih ograničavajućih čimbenika koji se povećavaju, na primjer, kod višegodišnjih kultura. Metodologija parametrizacije reljefa rabljena je za izračun geomorfoloških parametara, a pedometrijske metode kartiranja za izračun pedoloških varijabli. Stvarno stanje pokrova zemljišta inventarizirano je na temelju skica i planova koji su prikupljeni tijekom terenskog istraživanja. Te skice su zatim georeferencirane i preklopljene s LANDSAT satelitskim snimkama kako bi se odredilo stvarno stanje. Optimalne lokacije za pojedini tip trajnog nasada odabrane su primjenom logičkih prostornih upita. One su (u ovom primjeru za vinograde) identificirane kao područja preklapanja (lokacije gdje se prema prostornom planu nalaze ili vrijedna, osobito vrijedna tla ili ostala obradiva tla i južne ekspozicije reljefa s količinom ukupne godišnje upadne svijetlosti >1208 KWh/m2 i lokacije gdje nagib reljefa nije veći od 12% i manji od 2%, odnosno gdje nadmorska visina nije manja od 110 m i gdje tla nisu kiselija od 5.6 pH). Kao rezultat upita dobivena je jednostavna karta koja pokazuje područja koja su pogodna (1) ili nisu pogodna za vinogradarstvo (0). Sličan pristup može se koristiti i na tematskim kartama različite svrhe, na primjer, urbanističkim planovima, kartama izvora vode, plina, termalnih bunara i drugih resursa od posebnog značaja za državu. Prema dobivenim rezultatima u našem primjeru, za vinogradarstvo je pogodno ukupno 17.782 ha na području Županije. Optimalni način izrade prostornih planova za pojedine kulture bio bi izraditi karte negativnih bodova za sve kulture, a zatim standardizirati te vrijednosti kako bi za svaku lokaciju pronašli najbolju moguću kulturu. Tematski GIS slojevi mogu se rabiti kao osnova kreditiranja, savjeta o izboru kulture, donošenja odluka o preraspodjeli i korištenju, rekonstrukciji odnosno prenamjeni korištenja zemljišta