The wound hormones of plants. I. Traumatin, the active principle of the bean test

An attempt has been made in the present investigation to work out a specific test for wound hormone activity, and to use this test in the purification of the active principle of plant tissue extracts. In this way we have isolated a substance, possessing high wound hormone activity, for which we propose the name “traumatin.” This name seems particularly appropriate in view of the historical background of the subject

The effects of fall applications of glyphosate on johnsongrass, soy beans, and corn

Controlling johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L). Pers.] in such agronomic crops as corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] presents a major problem to many farmers. Although several preemergence herbicides have been developed to control seedling johnsongrass, in general rhizome johnsongrass is primarily responsive only to foliar-applied chemicals. One such postemergence chemical which gives excellent control of rhizome johnsongrass is glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine). If glyphosate is applied in the spring, a waiting period is required both before spraying to allow johnsongrass foliage to develop and then for trans location of the herbicide following application. As this waiting period may cause an undesirable delay in planting date, a fall application would be more favorable. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effectiveness of fall applications of glyphosate for controlling rhizome johnsongrass, (2) to determine the response of corn and soybeans to glyphosate applications made immediately prior to crop maturity, at maturity, and following maturity. A field experiment was conducted at Ames Plantation, Grand Junction, Tennessee, and at the Knoxville Plant Science Field Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee. The corn treatments were applied at various grain moisture levels beginning at about 45 percent and continuing through 15 percent. Soybean treatments were applied at one week intervals beginning at three weeks prior to crop maturity and continuing through two weeks past maturity. Johnsongrass treatments corresponded to soybean treatments, except for one early fall treatment applied on August 29. Due to calibration error, the rates of glyphosate application varied between locations. The resulting rates were 1.68 kg/ha at Ames Plantation and 2.24 kg/ha at Knoxville. The glyphosate application made at Knoxville on corn at the 47 percent grain moisture level caused a significant reduction in seed moisture and weight at harvest. However, when the corn was treated at grain moisture levels of 40 to 15 percent, the glyphosate had no effect on lodging, yield, seed moisture, or seed weight at either location. Corn progeny germination was not affected by any of the glyphosate applications. Nevertheless, treatments at grain moisture levels of 35 percent and higher caused serious reductions in progeny seedling emergence, vigor, and weight at 21 days. The emergence of abnormal progeny seedlings was also increased by these same treatments. In addition, there tended to be a reduction in primary root length of these injured seedlings. The glyphosate application made three weeks prior to soybean maturity at Ames reduced seed weight. This treatment also produced drastic reductions in progeny seedling emergence, vigor, weight at 21 days, and primary root length. Furthermore, this treatment increased dry matter content of the seedlings. The subsequent treatments at Ames, as well as all the treatments at Knoxville were applied after the onset of soybean senescence. Consequently, these treatments caused no effect whatsoever on the treated soybeans or their progeny. Protein and oil content of the corn and soybean seed from treated plants was not affected by any of the fall applications of glyphosate. The earliest glyphosate treatments produced the best control of rhizome johnsongrass. Applications made between August 29 and October 18 resulted in 80-95 percent rhizome control. Treatments made on October 24 and 31 gave only fair rhizome control, while no control resulted from a November 7 application. From these data, the optimum treatment stage for controlling johnsongrass in corn or soybeans would appear to be (1) when the corn grain moisture level is below 35 percent, (2) after the onset of soybean senescence, and (3) prior to mid October if johnsongrass is to be controlled in either crop

Ctt1 catalase activity potentiates antifungal azoles in the emerging opportunistic pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fungi respond to antifungal drugs by increasing their antioxidant stress response. How this impacts antifungal efficacy remains controversial and not well understood. Here we examine the role of catalase activity in the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the common antifungals, fluconazole and miconazole, for which we report minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 104 and 19 μM, respectively. At sub-MIC concentrations, fluconazole and miconazole stimulate catalase activity 2-3-fold but, unexpectedly, deletion of cytosolic catalase (ctt1) makes cells more resistant to these azoles and to clotrimazole, itraconazole and posaconazole. On the other hand, upregulating Ctt1 activity by preconditioning with 0.2 mM H2O2 potentiates miconazole 32-fold and fluconazole 4-fold. Since H2O2 preconditioning does not alter the resistance of ctt1Δ cells, which possess negligible catalase activity, we link azole potentiation with Ctt1 upregulation. In contrast, sod2Δ cells deleted for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase are 4–8-fold more azole sensitive than wild-type cells, revealing that Sod2 activity protects cells against azole toxicity. In fact, the ctt1Δ mutant has double the Sod2 activity of wild-type cells so ctt1 deletion increases azole resistance in part by Sod2 upregulation. Notably, deletion of peroxisomal/mitochondrial cta1 or cytosolic sod1 does not alter fluconazole or miconazole potency

Longmeyer Exposes or Creates Uncertainty about the Duty to Inform Remainder Beneficiaries of a Revocable Trust

This article discusses the surprising Longmeyer decision, handed down by the Supreme Court of Kentucky earlier this year in which a predecessor trustee was held to have a duty to give certain notifications to former remainder beneficiaries of a revocable trust. The authors then examine how Longmeyer might have been decided in other states and under other statutory schemes. The article concludes with observations concerning when certain notices to trust beneficiaries may be conducive to effective trust administration and suggestions to those who administer trusts on how best to comply with beneficiary notice requirements

Mapping the Evolution of Optically-Generated Rotational Wavepackets in a Room Temperature Ensemble of D2_2

A coherent superposition of rotational states in D$_2$ has been excited by nonresonant ultrafast (12 femtosecond) intense (2 $\times$ 10$^{14}$ Wcm$^{-2}$) 800 nm laser pulses leading to impulsive dynamic alignment. Field-free evolution of this rotational wavepacket has been mapped to high temporal resolution by a time-delayed pulse, initiating rapid double ionization, which is highly sensitive to the angle of orientation of the molecular axis with respect to the polarization direction, $\theta$. The detailed fractional revivals of the neutral D$_2$ wavepacket as a function of $\theta$ and evolution time have been observed and modelled theoretically.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. A. Full reference to follow.

Does International Accreditation Provide for Greater Enrolment, Program Completion, Employment, and Employer Satisfaction?

Aim: The current research was conducted to examine the potential influence of international accreditation of universities on the enhancement of students’ enrolment and educational quality, employment opportunities, and employer satisfaction. The study also contextualized the findings to focus on the case of Guyana. Methodology: A secondary qualitative research methodology was used to conduct this research. It comprised using an inductive approach to gather and study the most contemporary and relevant secondary literature on the subject. Afterward, through thematic analysis, major qualitative finding and their patterns were segmented in the form of two major themes. Findings: This study discovered that international accreditation benefits both business satisfaction and student satisfaction. It was discovered that the planning and self-study evaluation activities for accreditation operate as a catalyst for quality improvement practices. The results also imply that consistent efforts to satisfy requirements for international accreditation can raise the level of instruction given to pupils. It is yet unknown, though, how certification will impact Guyana's employment prospects and employee happiness